{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:37:32Z","timestamp":1787027852763,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Frankfurter Stiftung f\u00fcr krebskranke Kinder","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]},{"name":"Hilfe f\u00fcr krebskranke Kinder Frankfurt e.V.","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRK 2336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRK 2336"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003495","name":"Hessen State Ministry of Higher Education, Research and the Arts","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003495","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/V004174\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/V004174\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"World University Service (WUS)","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Most SARS-CoV-2 infections are mild or even asymptomatic. However, a small fraction of infected individuals develops severe, life-threatening disease, which is caused by an uncontrolled immune response resulting in hyperinflammation. However, the factors predisposing individuals to severe disease remain poorly understood. Here, we show that levels of CD47, which is known to mediate immune escape in cancer and virus-infected cells, are elevated in SARS-CoV-2-infected Caco-2 cells, Calu-3 cells, and air\u2212liquid interface cultures of primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 infection increases SIRPalpha levels, the binding partner of CD47, on primary human monocytes. Systematic literature searches further indicated that known risk factors such as older age and diabetes are associated with increased CD47 levels. High CD47 levels contribute to vascular disease, vasoconstriction, and hypertension, conditions that may predispose SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals to COVID-19-related complications such as pulmonary hypertension, lung fibrosis, myocardial injury, stroke, and acute kidney injury. Hence, age-related and virus-induced CD47 expression is a candidate mechanism potentially contributing to severe COVID-19, as well as a therapeutic target, which may be addressed by antibodies and small molecules. Further research will be needed to investigate the potential involvement of CD47 and SIRPalpha in COVID-19 pathology. Our data should encourage other research groups to consider the potential relevance of the CD47\/ SIRPalpha axis in their COVID-19 research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb43030086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T22:50:48Z","timestamp":1632351048000},"page":"1212-1225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Potential Role of the CD47\/SIRPalpha Axis in COVID-19 Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Katie-May","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denisa","family":"Bojkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Kandler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Bechtel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4457-6680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Reus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4060-1797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trang","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Rothweiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian U. G.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty for Biological Sciences, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7529-1952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Weigert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1802-7565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Ciesek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research, DZIF, External Partner Site, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch Translational Medicine und Pharmacology, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5428-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark N.","family":"Wass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5710-5888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Michaelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Jindrich","family":"Cinatl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-5272","article-title":"A narrative review on the basic and clinical aspects of the novel SARS-CoV-2, the etiologic agent of COVID-19","volume":"8","author":"Hokello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. 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