{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T03:16:07Z","timestamp":1768706167373,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This work was supported by the BK21 plus program through the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education of Korea","award":["5120200313836"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5120200313836"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Postmenopausal syndrome refers to symptoms caused by the gradual decrease in female hormones after mid-40 years. As a target organ of estrogen, decrease in estrogen causes various changes in brain function such as a decrease in choline acetyltransferase and brain-derived neurotrophic factor; thus, postmenopausal women experience cognitive decline and more depressive symptoms than age-matched men. Radix Polygalae has been used for memory boosting and as a mood stabilizer and its components have shown neuroprotective, antidepressant, and stress relief properties. In a mouse model of estrogen depletion induced by 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide, Radix Polygalae was orally administered for 3 weeks. In these animals, cognitive and depression-related behaviors and molecular changes related to these behaviors were measured in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Radix Polygalae improved working memory and contextual memory and despair-related behaviors in 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide-treated mice without increasing serum estradiol levels in this model. In relation to these behaviors, choline acetyltransferase and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus and bcl-2-associated athanogene expression increased in the hippocampus. These results implicate the possible benefit of Radix Polygalae in use as a supplement of estrogen to prevent conditions such as postmenopausal depression and cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb43030118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T22:07:04Z","timestamp":1634767624000},"page":"1669-1684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effects of Radix Polygalae on Cognitive Decline and Depression in Estradiol Depletion Mouse Model of Menopause"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Gaeul","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junhyuk","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung-Yun","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2248-7302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byung Il","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hee Kyung","family":"Kho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maeng-Jin","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mi Ae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sungho","family":"Maeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Gerontology (AgeTech-Service Convergence Major), Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heeok","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2013.02.020","article-title":"Factors influencing the cognitive and neural effects of hormone treatment during aging in a rodent model","volume":"1514","author":"Chisholm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO01258F","article-title":"Beneficial effects of Cirsium japonicum var. maackii on menopausal symptoms in ovariectomized rats","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)00259-3","article-title":"Estrogen replacement therapy and cognitive function in postmenopausal women without dementia","volume":"103","author":"Rice","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. 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