{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T06:45:06Z","timestamp":1791873906075,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>IL-17 inhibitors (IL-17i) are medicines used to treat dermatological and rheumatic diseases They belong to a class of medicines called biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs). This class of drugs has had a major impact on the therapy of autoimmune diseases, being much safer and more effective than treatment with small molecules. At the same time, they have highly beneficial effects on skin and joint changes, and their efficacy has been extensively monitored and demonstrated in numerous clinical trials. More and more such drugs are still being discovered today to ensure the best possible treatment of these patients, but more frequently and relatively constantly three agents are used. Two of them (Secukinumab and Ixekizumab) inhibit IL-17A directly, and the third, Brodamulab, inhibits the IL-17A receptor. Although they are extremely effective in the treatment of these diseases, sometimes their administration has been associated with paradoxical effects, i.e., there is an exacerbation of the inflammatory process. Tough, clinical trials of IL-17i have described cases of exacerbation or even onset of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis, after administration of these drugs in patients previously diagnosed with psoriasis (PS), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), or ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The pathophysiological mechanism of action is not well understood at present. One explanation would be that this hyperreactive inflammatory process would be triggered by Interferon 1 derived from dendritic plasma cells. Even though there are many reports in the recent literature about the role of IL17i in the onset of IBD, conclusions of studies do not converge. Some of them show an increased incidence of IBD in patients treated with IL17i, while some others affirm their safety of them. In the near future we will surely have more data emerging from ongoing meta-analyses regarding safety of use IL17i in patients who are at risk of developing IBD. Clinical and paraclinical evaluation (inflammatory intestinal markers) are carefully advised before recommending treatment with IL-17i and after initiation of treatment, and prospective surveillance by clinical and biomarkers of patients treated with IL-17i is absolutely essential to capture the onset of IBD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb44050127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T11:45:55Z","timestamp":1650973555000},"page":"1851-1866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["The Treatment with Interleukin 17 Inhibitors and Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4401-7934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"\u021aiburc\u0103","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1 December 10 Square, 410087 Oradea, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cDr. Gavril Curteanu\u201d Clinical Hospital Regional Center of Medical Genetics Bihor, 410469 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Bembea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cDr. Gavril Curteanu\u201d Clinical Hospital Regional Center of Medical Genetics Bihor, 410469 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4021-4989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana Carmen","family":"Zaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1 December 10 Square, 410087 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandru Daniel","family":"Jurca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1 December 10 Square, 410087 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5071-9601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cosmin Mihai","family":"Vesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1 December 10 Square, 410087 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0879-1903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioana Adela","family":"Ra\u021biu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1 December 10 Square, 410087 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia Maria","family":"Jurca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1 December 10 Square, 410087 Oradea, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cDr. Gavril Curteanu\u201d Clinical Hospital Regional Center of Medical Genetics Bihor, 410469 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132710","article-title":"IL-17 and Th17 Cells","volume":"27","author":"Korn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2009.03240.x","article-title":"Interleukin-17 and its target genes: Mechanisms of interleukin-17 function in dis-ease","volume":"129","author":"Onishi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e104202","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2019104202","article-title":"Systematic analysis of the IL-17 receptor signalosome reveals a robust regulatory feedback loop","volume":"39","author":"Draberova","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020-2-1","DOI":"10.7573\/dic.2020-2-1","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease in patients with psoriasis treated with interleukin-17 inhibitors","volume":"9","author":"Fieldhouse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drugs Context"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02466-4","article-title":"TNF blockade induces a dysregulated type I interferon response without autoimmunity in paradoxical psoriasis","volume":"9","author":"Conrad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217927","article-title":"Paradoxical gastrointestinal effects of interleukin-17 blockers","volume":"79","author":"Fauny","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01682","article-title":"The IL-17 family of cytokines in psoriasis: IL-17A and beyond","volume":"9","author":"Brembilla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611256","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.611256","article-title":"The IL23-IL17 immune axis in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: Successes, defeats, and ongoing challenges","volume":"12","author":"Noviello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071978","article-title":"Regulation of inflammatory responses by IL-17F","volume":"205","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.2.773","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of IL-17B and IL-17C, two new members of the IL-17 cytokine family","volume":"97","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2012.0053","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 5 engagement induces interleukin-17C expression in intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"32","author":"Im","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4226","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103014","article-title":"Cutting edge: Regulation of intestinal inflammation and barrier function by IL-17C","volume":"189","author":"Reynolds","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5969","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C600322200","article-title":"Chromatin remodeling of interleukin-17 (IL-17)-IL-17F cytokine gene locus during inflammatory helper T cell differentiation","volume":"282","author":"Akimzhanov","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2021.100104","article-title":"Distinct roles of interleukin-17 and T helper 17 cells among autoimmune diseases","volume":"4","author":"Akiyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transl. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108402","article-title":"The role of IL-17 and anti-IL-17 agents in the immunopathogenesis and management of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases","volume":"102","author":"Berry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"928461","article-title":"Role of Th17 Cells in the Pathogenesis of Human IBD","volume":"2014","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISRN Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2002697","article-title":"Pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"383","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.06.029","article-title":"Intra- and inter-cellular rewiring of the human colon during ulcerative colitis","volume":"178","author":"Smillie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738762","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.738762","article-title":"New Insights on CD8+ T cells in inflammatory bowel disease and therapeutic Approaches","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2017.01.006","article-title":"IL-17 Signaling: The Yin and the Yang","volume":"38","author":"Amatya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2008.28","article-title":"IL-23 and Th17 cytokines in intestinal homeostasis","volume":"1","author":"Maloy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.07.018","article-title":"Interleukin-17 promotes autoimmunity by triggering a positive-feedback loop via interleukin-6 induction","volume":"29","author":"Ogura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27467","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.42.27467","article-title":"Interleukin-17-induced gene expression in articular chondrocytes is associated with activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and NF-kappaB","volume":"273","author":"Quach","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5445","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.150.12.5445","article-title":"CTLA-8, cloned from an activated T cell, bearing AU-rich messenger RNA instability sequences, and homologous to a Herpesvirus Saimiri Gene","volume":"150","author":"Rouvier","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.07.017","article-title":"An Overview of IL-17 function and signaling","volume":"43","author":"Gaffen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5483","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.12.5483","article-title":"Cutting edge: Human IL-17: A novel cytokine derived from T cells","volume":"155","author":"Yao","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra63","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2000382","article-title":"Act1, a U-Box E3 ubiquitin ligase for IL-17 signaling","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.7.1233","article-title":"Requirement of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 6 in interleukin 17 signal transduction","volume":"191","author":"Schwandner","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2013.03.014","article-title":"The activation and regulation of IL-17 receptor mediated signaling","volume":"62","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2081","article-title":"Treatment with IL-17 prolongs the half-life of chemokine CXCL1 mRNA via the adaptor TRAF5 and the splicing-regulatory factor SF2 (ASF)","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"640","article-title":"HuR is required for IL-17-induced Act1-mediated CXCL1 and CXCL5 mRNA stabilization","volume":"191","author":"Herjan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12083","article-title":"Basic biology and role of interleukin-17 in immunity and inflammation","volume":"69","author":"Zenobia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Periodontology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01658","article-title":"Osteoclast differentiation and activation","volume":"423","author":"Boyle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20121525","article-title":"Signaling through C5a receptor and C3a receptor diminishes function of murine natural regulatory T cells","volume":"210","author":"Kwan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3794","article-title":"Targeting IL-17 and TH17 cells in chronic inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Miossec","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12376","article-title":"Interleukin (IL)-17A, F and AF in inflammation: A study in collagen-induced arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: IL-17 subtypes in inflammatory arthritis","volume":"177","author":"Sarkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii116","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202371","article-title":"Effect of IL-17A blockade with Secukinumab in autoimmune diseases","volume":"72","author":"Patel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.07.010","article-title":"Th17 cell responses in spondyloarthritis","volume":"31","author":"Gaston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23655","article-title":"Increased numbers of circulating polyfunctional Th17 memory cells in patients with seronegative spondylarthritides","volume":"58","author":"Jandus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40070","article-title":"Secukinumab in active rheumatoid arthritis: A phase III randomized, double-blind, active comparator- and placebo-controlled study","volume":"69","author":"Blanco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R95","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3370","article-title":"Analysis of IL-17+ cells in facet joints of patients with spondyloarthritis suggests that the innate immune pathway might be of greater relevance than the Th17-mediated adaptive immune response","volume":"13","author":"Appel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2018.1468884","article-title":"Biologics for treating axial spondyloarthritis","volume":"18","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucaciu, L.A., Ilie\u0219, M., Vesa \u0218tefan, C., Seicean, R., Din, S., Iuga, C.A., and Seicean, A. (2021). Serum interleukin (IL)-23 and IL-17 profile in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients could differentiate between severe and non-severe disease. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11111130"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1103","article-title":"Monitoring the effects of treatment in colon cancer cells using immunohistochemical and histoenzymatic techniques","volume":"56","author":"Pallag","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rom. J. Morphol. Embriol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"49","article-title":"The relation between the level of interleukin-23 with duration and severity of ulcerative colitis","volume":"5","author":"Mirsattari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Bed Bench"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.1.65","article-title":"Increased expression of interleukin 17 in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"52","author":"Fujino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-014-0768-7","article-title":"Elevated levels of Th17 cells and Th17-related cytokines are associated with disease activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"63","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"49","article-title":"Involvement of IL-23 in enteropathic arthritis patients with inflammatory bowel disease: Preliminary results","volume":"33","author":"Gheita","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000194183.92671.b6","article-title":"Both IL-12p70 and IL-23 are synthesized during active Crohn\u2019s disease and are down-regulated by treatment with anti-IL-12 P40 monoclonal antibody","volume":"12","author":"Fuss","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.115402","article-title":"The IL23 axis plays a key role in the pathogenesis of IBD","volume":"56","author":"McGovern","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1135245","article-title":"A genome-wide association study identifies IL-23R as an inflammatory bowel disease gene","volume":"314","author":"Duerr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Einarsdottir, E., Koskinen, L.L.E., Dukes, E., Kainu, K., Suomela, S., Lappalainen, M., Ziberna, F., Korponay-Szabo, I.R., Kurppa, K., and Kaukinen, K. (2009). IL23R in the Swedish, Finnish, Hungarian and Italian populations: Association with IBD and psoriasis, and linkage to celiac disease. BMC Med. Genet., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-10-8"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206323","article-title":"Type 3 innate lymphoid cells producing IL-17 and IL-22 are expanded in the gut, in the peripheral blood, synovial fluid and bone marrow of patients with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"74","author":"Ciccia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1540-2","article-title":"ILC3 Function as a double-edged sword in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"10","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.016","article-title":"Can IL-23 be a good target for ulcerative colitis?","volume":"32\u201333","author":"Allocca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)90290-H","article-title":"A novel method in the induction of reliable experimental acute and chronic ulcerative colitis in mice","volume":"98","author":"Okayasu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2003.09.013","article-title":"Neutralization of interleukin-17 aggravates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice","volume":"110","author":"Ogawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"GBD 2017 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Collaborators (2020). The global, regional, and national burden of inflammatory bowel disease in 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 5, 17\u201330."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10209","article-title":"Genetics and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"474","author":"Khor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"331","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease in childhood and adolescence","volume":"114","author":"Gerner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"83","article-title":"Diagnostic challenges in gastrointestinal infections","volume":"123","author":"Negrut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rom. J. Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2155","article-title":"IL-17 inhibitors and inflammatory bowel diseases: A postmarketing study in Vigibase","volume":"110","author":"Petitpain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Cosentyx (2022, January 01). Prescribing Information; Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation: Basel, Switzerland. Available online: https:\/\/www.pharma.us.novartis.com\/sites\/www.pharma.us.novartis.com\/files\/cosentyx.pdf."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2017.1329511","article-title":"Interleukin-17 inhibition: Role in psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"29","author":"Hohenberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatolog. Treat."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1314258","article-title":"ERASURE Study Group; FIXTURE Study Group. Secukinumab in plaque psoriasis-Results of two phase 3 Trials","volume":"371","author":"Langley","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301668","article-title":"Secukinumab, a human anti-IL-17A monoclonal antibody, for moderate to severe Crohn\u2019s disease: Unexpected results of a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"61","author":"Hueber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"858","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease new-onset during Secukinumab therapy: Real-world data from a tertiary center","volume":"113","author":"Sanchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Enferm. Dig."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.04.010","article-title":"Real-world risk of new-onset inflammatory bowel disease among patients with psoriasis exposed to interleukin 17 inhibitors","volume":"83","author":"Wright","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15397","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: Risk of new onset IBD with the use of anti-interleukin-17 agents","volume":"50","author":"Yamada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.14309\/crj.2018.56","article-title":"Rapid onset of inflammatory bowel disease after receiving Secukinumab infusion","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACG Case Rep. J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214273","article-title":"Incidence rates of inflammatory bowel disease in patients with psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis treated with Secukinumab: A retrospective analysis of pooled data from 21 clinical trials","volume":"78","author":"Schreiber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burisch, J., Eigner, W., Schreiber, S., Aletaha, D., Weninger, W., Trauner, M., Reinisch, W., and Narula, N. (2020). Risk for development of inflammatory bowel disease under inhibition of interleukin 17: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233781"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AB412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.06.091","article-title":"Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease among Ixekizumab-treated patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: Data from 8 Clinical Trials","volume":"76","author":"Griffiths","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, M.K., Pai, J., Panaccione, R., Ferraz, J.G., and Jijon, J.G. (2019). Crohn\u2019s-like disease in a patient exposed to anti-Interleukin-17 blockade (Ixekizumab) for the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis: A case report. BMC Gastroenterol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-019-1067-0"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31946-9","article-title":"Carlier on Behalf of the COAST-V Study Group* Ixekizumab, an Interleukin-17A Antagonist in the Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis or Radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis in Patients Previously Untreated with Biological Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (COAST-V): 16 Week Results of a Phase 3 Randomised, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled and Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"392","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.09.026","article-title":"Short- and long-term safety outcomes with Ixekizumab from 7 clinical trials in psoriasis: Etanercept comparisons and integrated Data","volume":"76","author":"Strober","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1109017","article-title":"Brodalumab, an anti-interleukin-17-receptor antibody for psoriasis","volume":"366","author":"Papp","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.298","article-title":"A Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 study of Brodalumab in patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"111","author":"Targan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ritchlin, C.T., Kavanaugh, A., Merola, J.F., Schett, G., Scher, J.U., Warren, R.B., Assudani, D., Kumke, T., Ink, B., and McInnes, I.B. (2018). Dual neutralization of IL-17A and IL-17F with bimekizumab in patients with active PsA: Results from a 48-week phase 2b, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. Arthritis Rheumatol., 70, Available online: https:\/\/acrabstracts.org\/abstract\/dual-neutralization-of-il-17a-and-il-17f-with-bimekizumab-in-patients-with-active-psa-results-from-a-48-week-phase-2b-randomized-double%e2%80%91blind-placebo-controlled-dose-ranging-study\/.","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-eular.4883"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.06.024","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease events after exposure to interleukin 17 inhibitors Secukinumab and Ixekizumab: Postmarketing analysis from the RADAR (\u201cResearch on Adverse Drug Events and Reports\u201d) Program","volume":"79","author":"Orrell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S431","DOI":"10.14309\/01.ajg.0000592460.96938.66","article-title":"731 De Novo Inflammatory Bowel Disease after Secukinumab Use: A Population Based Analysis: 731","volume":"114","author":"Carleton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Jancin, B. (2020, January 01). Here Comes Bimekizumab, the Newest IL-17 Inhibitor. Available online: https:\/\/www.mdedge.com\/edermatologynews\/article\/158562\/psoriatic-arthritis\/here-comes-bimekizumab-newest-Il-17-inhibitor."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.07.029","article-title":"Incidence and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Patients with Psoriasis-A Nationwide 20-Year Cohort Study","volume":"139","author":"Egeberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2021.1974395","article-title":"Genetic screening in new onset inflammatory bowel disease during anti-interleukin 17 therapy: Unmet needs and call for action","volume":"21","author":"Maronese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41169","article-title":"Interleukin-17 Inhibition in Spondyloarthritis Is Associated with Subclinical Gut Microbiome Perturbations and a Distinctive Interleukin-25-Driven Intestinal Inflammation","volume":"72","author":"Manasson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"73","article-title":"Psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease: Links and risks","volume":"6","author":"Vlachos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psoriasis"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-5-23","article-title":"Commensal Clostridia: Leading players in the maintenance of gut homeostasis","volume":"5","author":"Lopetuso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12721","article-title":"Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells","volume":"504","author":"Furusawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100266","article-title":"Risk of candidiasis associated with interleukin-17 inhibitors: A real-world observational study of multiple in-dependent sources","volume":"13","author":"Davidson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-018-8702-3","article-title":"The immunologic role of IL-17 in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis pathogenesis","volume":"55","author":"Blauvelt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15662","article-title":"Review Article: Faecal Calprotectin and Histologic Remission in Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"51","author":"Bonovas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.04.011","article-title":"Twin study indicates loss of interaction between microbiota and mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"141","author":"Lepage","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Current Issues in Molecular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/44\/5\/127\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:01:09Z","timestamp":1760137269000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/44\/5\/127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["cimb44050127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cimb44050127","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-3045"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-3045","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]]}}}