{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:49:56Z","timestamp":1760143796040,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Russian Science Foundation","award":["20-45-01014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-45-01014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Procoagulant activity in amniotic fluid (AF) is positively correlated with phosphatidylserine (PS) and tissue factor (TF)-expressing(+) extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, it is unknown if pathological fetal conditions may affect the composition, phenotype, and procoagulant potency of EVs in AF. We sought to evaluate EV-dependent procoagulant activity in AF from pregnant people with fetuses with or without diagnosed chromosomal mutations. AF samples were collected by transabdominal amniocentesis and assessed for common karyotype defects (total n = 11, 7 healthy and 4 abnormal karyotypes). The procoagulant activity of AF was tested using a fibrin generation assay with normal pooled plasma and plasmas deficient in factors XII, XI, IX, X, V, and VII. EV number and phenotype were determined by flow cytometry with anti-CD24 and anti-TF antibodies. We report that factor-VII-, X-, or V-deficient plasmas did not form fibrin clots in the presence of AF. Clotting time was significantly attenuated in AF samples with chromosomal mutations. In addition, CD24+, TF+, and CD24+ TF+ EV counts were significantly lower in this group. Finally, we found a significant correlation between EV counts and the clotting time induced by AF. In conclusion, we show that AF samples with chromosomal mutations had fewer fetal-derived CD24-bearing and TF-bearing EVs, which resulted in diminished procoagulant potency. This suggests that fetal-derived EVs are the predominant source of procoagulant activity in AF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb44060185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T02:01:44Z","timestamp":1655085704000},"page":"2710-2716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Procoagulant Activity in Amniotic Fluid Is Associated with Fetal-Derived Extracellular Vesicles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4664-6953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirill R.","family":"Butov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hemostasis Research Department, Dmitry Rogachev Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Hospital, Moscow 117997, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Hemostasis, Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Chemical Pharmacology, Moscow 109029, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia A.","family":"Karetnikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproductive Genetics, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov, Moscow 117198, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dmitry Y.","family":"Pershin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Hospital, Moscow 117997, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dmitry Y.","family":"Trofimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproductive Genetics, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov, Moscow 117198, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikhail A.","family":"Panteleev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hemostasis Research Department, Dmitry Rogachev Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Hospital, Moscow 117997, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Hemostasis, Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Chemical Pharmacology, Moscow 109029, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-199006000-00003","article-title":"New Concepts of Amniotic Fluid Embolism","volume":"45","author":"Clark","year":"1990","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. 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