{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T12:21:47Z","timestamp":1769516507057,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jouf University","award":["DSR-2021-01-0388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DSR-2021-01-0388"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral cancer (OC) is a serious health concern that has a high fatality rate. The oral cavity has seven kinds of OC, including the lip, tongue, and floor of the mouth, as well as the buccal, hard palate, alveolar, retromolar trigone, and soft palate. The goal of this study is to look into new biomarkers and important pathways that might be used as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic candidates in OC. The publicly available repository the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) was to the source for the collection of OC-related datasets. GSE74530, GSE23558, and GSE3524 microarray datasets were collected for analysis. Minimum cut-off criteria of |log fold-change (FC)| &gt; 1 and adjusted p &lt; 0.05 were applied to calculate the upregulated and downregulated differential expression genes (DEGs) from the three datasets. After that only common DEGs in all three datasets were collected to apply further analysis. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway analysis were implemented to explore the functional behaviors of DEGs. Then protein\u2013protein interaction (PPI) networks were built to identify the most active genes, and a clustering algorithm was also implemented to identify complex parts of PPI. TF-miRNA networks were also constructed to study OC-associated DEGs in-depth. Finally, top gene performers from PPI networks were used to apply drug signature analysis. After applying filtration and cut-off criteria, 2508, 3377, and 670 DEGs were found for GSE74530, GSE23558, and GSE3524 respectively, and 166 common DEGs were found in every dataset. The GO annotation remarks that most of the DEGs were associated with the terms of type I interferon signaling pathway. The pathways of KEGG reported that the common DEGs are related to the cell cycle and influenza A. The PPI network holds 88 nodes and 492 edges, and CDC6 had the highest number of connections. Four clusters were identified from the PPI. Drug signatures doxorubicin and resveratrol showed high significance according to the hub genes. We anticipate that our bioinformatics research will aid in the definition of OC pathophysiology and the development of new therapies for OC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb44080244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T02:42:53Z","timestamp":1660099373000},"page":"3552-3572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploring the Novel Computational Drug Target and Associated Key Pathways of Oral Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Fatema","family":"Akhter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh 13314, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fawzia Haif Al","family":"Kahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh 13314, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zainah Mohammed","family":"Sambawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 11159, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deema Abdulrahman","family":"Alhassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 11159, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reema Abdulaziz","family":"AlSaif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Diriya Hospital, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tahsinul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh 13314, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7131-1752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Khursheed","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthodontics, Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5990-8783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Tanvir","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, Daffodil International University (DIU), Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md. Rakibul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, Daffodil International University (DIU), Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4034-9819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kawsar","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada"},{"name":"Group of Bio-Photomati\u03c7, Department of Information and Communication Technology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University (MBSTU), Santosh, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rehana","family":"Basri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, Internal Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2018.05.002","article-title":"Role of Salivary Biomarkers in Oral Cancer Detection","volume":"86","author":"Khurshid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. 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