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University, Taichung, Taiwan","award":["MOST111-2320-B-468-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST111-2320-B-468-003"]}]},{"name":"China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan","award":["DMR-110-141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMR-110-141"]}]},{"name":"China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan","award":["DMR-111-150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMR-111-150"]}]},{"name":"China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan","award":["CMU109-ASIA-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU109-ASIA-06"]}]},{"name":"China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan","award":["SHDC2020CR2041B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC2020CR2041B"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai clinical three-year action plan-major clinical research project","award":["MOST107-2320-B-039-049-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST107-2320-B-039-049-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai clinical three-year action plan-major clinical research 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plan-major clinical research project","award":["SHDC2020CR2041B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC2020CR2041B"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we aimed to investigate whether chronic retinal inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of form-deprivation myopia (FDM) using tree shrews as an animal model. Twenty-one tree shrews were randomly divided into 7-day\/14-day FDM (FDM7\/FDM14) groups and their corresponding 7-day\/14-day control groups. Refraction and axial length were measured. To determine the effects of form deprivation on inflammation, we used real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry to assess the expression levels of several proinflammatory cytokines. At day 0, the eyes in the FDM and control groups were hyperopic. However, after 7 and 14 days of form deprivation, the refractive error of the eyes in the FDM7 and FDM14 groups shifted from +6.6 \u00b1 0.3 diopters (D) to +4.0 \u00b1 0.5 D and from +6.4 \u00b1 0.3 D to +5.0 \u00b1 0.3 D, respectively. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and nuclear factor \u03baB were increased in the FDM eyes, compared with those in the control eyes. The increase in matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression was greater in the FDM eyes than in the contralateral and control eyes, whereas collagen type I expression was downregulated. In conclusion, chronic inflammation may play a crucial pathogenic role in form-deprivation myopia in tree shrews.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb44090296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,18]],"date-time":"2022-09-18T22:12:43Z","timestamp":1663539163000},"page":"4303-4313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Myopia Development in Tree Shrew Is Associated with Chronic Inflammatory Reactions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2830-3583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsiangyu","family":"Ku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie Jiin-Yi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9099-3151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng-Tai","family":"Tien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2606-8540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui-Ju","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404333, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gezhi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai 200031, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, Shanghai 200031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9525-3232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dekang","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10803","article-title":"Effect of Time Spent Outdoors at School on the Development of Myopia Among Children in China: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"314","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10480","article-title":"What Factors are Associated with Myopia in Young Adults? 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