{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T23:37:58Z","timestamp":1779925078703,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz for the statutory research activity of the Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology, and Internal Diseases"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cross-reactivity of allergens is the cause of various, sometimes unexpected, clinical reactions. There are no standard methods to investigate cross-reactivity. We present an experimental model of a two-sided inhibition test (IT) on ImmunoCAP membranes (CAP). We constructed the described model based on the known cross-allergy syndrome to red meat developing in people bitten by ticks (\u03b1-Gal syndrome; AGS). Some individuals who are bitten by ticks develop IgE antibodies specific to the carbohydrate determinant, galactose-\u03b1-1,3-galactose (\u03b1-Gal), present in the tick\u2019s saliva. These antibodies can cross-react with \u03b1-Gal molecules expressed on mammalian meat proteins. The well-known property of anti-\u03b1-Gal IgE antibodies binding by various sources of this allergen was used by us in the proposed model of the two-sided inhibition test on ImmunoCAP membranes. We expected that anti-\u03b1-Gal IgE antibodies bind allergens from mammalian meat and blocking them abolishes this reactivity, and the two-sided inhibition test model we proposed on ImmunoCAP membranes allowed us to observe such a relationship. We conducted the experiment three times on biological material from people with different clinical manifestations of allergy to \u03b1-Gal, each time obtaining similar results. In conclusion, the model of bilateral inhibition on ImmunoCAP membranes proposed by us seems to be an attractive, simple tool for direct testing of allergic cross-reactivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45020077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T06:49:36Z","timestamp":1675234176000},"page":"1168-1182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Two-Sided Experimental Model of ImmunoCAP Inhibition Test as a Useful Tool for the Examination of Allergens Cross-Reactivity on the Example of \u03b1-Gal and Mammalian Meat Sensitization\u2014A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2651-8468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kinga","family":"Lis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, ul. Ujejskiego 75, 85168 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5957-8382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Ukleja-Soko\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, ul. Ujejskiego 75, 85168 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kornelia","family":"Karwowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, ul. \u015awi\u0119tego Floriana 12, 85030 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Wernik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, ul. \u015awi\u0119tego Floriana 12, 85030 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6044-0425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Paw\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, ul. \u015awi\u0119tego Floriana 12, 85030 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Bartuzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, ul. Ujejskiego 75, 85168 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2000.108434","article-title":"Structural biology of allergens","volume":"106","author":"Aalberse","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s40629-016-0115-3","article-title":"Coping with cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants in allergy diagnosis","volume":"25","author":"Altmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergo J. Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-018-0294-1","article-title":"Anaphylactic reaction in patient allergic to mango","volume":"14","author":"Lis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. 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