{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T16:21:38Z","timestamp":1768321298111,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation Vision 2030","award":["12-BIO2343-20-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12-BIO2343-20-R"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteopetrosis is a rare hereditary illness generated by failure in osteoclasts resulting in elevated bone densities. Patients with osteopetrosis possess several complications, like dental caries, earlier teeth loss, delayed eruption, malformed crowns and roots, and lamina dura thickening. Since deficiency of carbonic anhydrase II is a major cause behind osteopetrosis, carbonic anhydrase II activators have a large number of applications in osteopetrosis treatment. There is a lack of a comprehensive review on osteopetrosis, pathogenesis of dental abnormalities, and the role of carbonic anhydrase II activators in osteopetrosis treatment. To address this research gap, the authros perfomed a comprehensive review on osteopetrosis and its types, pathogenesis of dental abnormalities, and the role of carbonic anhydrase II activators in osteopetrosis treatment. A brief introduction to the pathogenesis of dental abnormalities and regeneration is provided in this survey. A discussion of types of osteopetrosis depending on genetic inheritance, such as autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked inheritance osteopetrosis, is presented in this survey. The paper also focuses on the importance of carbonic anhydrase II activators as a potential drug therapy for dental osteopetrosis. In addition, a brief note on the role of azole and fluconazole in treating osteopetrosis is given. Finally, future directions involving gene therapy for dental osteopetrosis are described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45020089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T06:22:25Z","timestamp":1675664545000},"page":"1373-1386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Carbonic Anhydrase II Activators in Osteopetrosis Treatment: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Zikra","family":"Alkhayal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Therapeutics & Biomarker Discovery for Clinical Applications, Stem Cell & Tissue Re-Engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zakia","family":"Shinwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Therapeutics & Biomarker Discovery for Clinical Applications, Stem Cell & Tissue Re-Engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8009-7962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ameera","family":"Gaafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Therapeutics & Biomarker Discovery for Clinical Applications, Stem Cell & Tissue Re-Engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2124-8550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayodele","family":"Alaiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Therapeutics & Biomarker Discovery for Clinical Applications, Stem Cell & Tissue Re-Engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3411","article-title":"Oral Health in Patients with Osteopetrosis: A Literature Review","volume":"7","author":"Hasselby","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alkhayal, Z., Shinwari, Z., Gaafar, A., and Alaiya, A. (2021). 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