{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T05:29:27Z","timestamp":1772774967907,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,12]],"date-time":"2023-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R and D Program of China","award":["2021YFD1300800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1300800"]}]},{"name":"National Key R and D Program of China","award":["2020YFA0509500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0509500"]}]},{"name":"National Key R and D Program of China","award":["2021YFS0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFS0008"]}]},{"name":"National Key R and D Program of China","award":["2022YFQ0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFQ0022"]}]},{"name":"National Key R and D Program of China","award":["2021M692329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M692329"]}]},{"name":"Science Foundation of the Sichuan Province","award":["2021YFD1300800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1300800"]}]},{"name":"Science Foundation of the Sichuan Province","award":["2020YFA0509500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0509500"]}]},{"name":"Science Foundation of the Sichuan Province","award":["2021YFS0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFS0008"]}]},{"name":"Science Foundation of the Sichuan Province","award":["2022YFQ0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFQ0022"]}]},{"name":"Science Foundation of the Sichuan Province","award":["2021M692329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M692329"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["2021YFD1300800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1300800"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["2020YFA0509500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0509500"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["2021YFS0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFS0008"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["2022YFQ0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFQ0022"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["2021M692329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M692329"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Macrophages are the foremost controllers of innate and acquired immunity, playing important roles in tissue homeostasis, vasculogenesis, and congenital metabolism. In vitro macrophages are crucial models for understanding the regulatory mechanism of immune responses and the diagnosis or treatment of a variety of diseases. Pigs are the most important agricultural animals and valuable animal models for preclinical studies, but there is no unified method for porcine macrophage isolation and differentiation at present; no systematic study has compared porcine macrophages obtained by different methods. In the current study, we obtained two M1 macrophages (M1_IFN\u03b3 + LPS, and M1_GM-CSF) and two M2 macrophages (M2_IL4 + IL10, and M2_M-CSF), and compared the transcriptomic profiles between and within macrophage phenotypes. We observed the transcriptional differences either between or within phenotypes. Porcine M1 and M2 macrophages have consistent gene signatures with human and mouse macrophage phenotypes, respectively. Moreover, we performed GSEA analysis to attribute the prognostic value of our macrophage signatures in discriminating various pathogen infections. Our study provided a framework to guide the interrogation of macrophage phenotypes in the context of health and disease. The approach described here could be used to propose new biomarkers for diagnosis in diverse clinical settings including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), African swine fever virus (ASFV), Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), Haemophilus parasuis serovar 4 (HPS4), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp), Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2), and LPS from Salmonella enterica serotype minnesota Re 595.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45030151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T06:52:13Z","timestamp":1678690333000},"page":"2338-2350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Transcriptomic Establishment of Pig Macrophage Polarization Signatures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5921-8096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teng","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anjing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peidong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7854-0304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keren","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8681-7684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingzhou","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0960-1529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3960\/jslrt.41.1","article-title":"Development and Differentiation of Macrophages and Related Cells: Historical Review and Current Concepts","volume":"41","author":"Takahashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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