{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T13:51:46Z","timestamp":1775310706477,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]],"date-time":"2023-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pathophysiology of several psychiatric diseases may entail disturbances in the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis and metabolic pathways. Variations in how these effects present themselves may be connected to individual variances in clinical symptoms and treatment responses, such as the observation that a significant fraction of participants do not respond to current antipsychotic drugs. A bidirectional signaling pathway between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract is known as the microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis. The large and small intestines contain more than 100 trillion microbial cells, contributing to the intestinal ecosystem\u2019s incredible complexity. Interactions between the microbiota and intestinal epithelium can alter brain physiology and affect mood and behavior. There has recently been a focus on how these relationships impact mental health. According to evidence, intestinal microbiota may play a role in neurological and mental illnesses. Intestinal metabolites of microbial origin, such as short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan metabolites, and bacterial components that might stimulate the host\u2019s immune system, are mentioned in this review. We aim to shed some on the growing role of gut microbiota in inducing\/manipulating several psychiatric disorders, which may pave the way for novel microbiota-based therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45050260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T04:04:48Z","timestamp":1683518688000},"page":"4080-4099","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["The Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on the Gut\u2013Brain Axis in Psychiatric Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9021-8334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hussein","family":"Sabit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza P.O. Box 77, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Areej","family":"Kassab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza P.O. Box 77, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8029-4771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donia","family":"Alaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza P.O. Box 77, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaza","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza P.O. Box 77, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3883-2000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaimaa","family":"Abdel-Ghany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza P.O. Box 77, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Mansy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osama A.","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza P.O. Box 77, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mona A.","family":"Khalifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Art and Science, Samtah, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Halah","family":"Hafiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nutrition Department, Factually of Applied Medical Science, Umm Alqura University, Mecca 24382, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asmaa M.","family":"Abushady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology, Nile University, Giza 41516, Egypt"},{"name":"Genetic Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1017\/S1121189X00001421","article-title":"The global burden of mental disorders: An update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys","volume":"18","author":"Kessler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiol. 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