{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T19:35:50Z","timestamp":1769628950827,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Plan for Science Technology and Innovation (MAARIFAH), King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","award":["08-MED 510\u201302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["08-MED 510\u201302"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Considerable disturbances in post-translational protein phosphorylation have recently been discovered in multiple neurological disorders. Casein kinase-2 (CK2) is a tetrameric Ser\/Thr protein kinase that phosphorylates a large number of substrates and contributes in several cellular physiological and pathological processes. CK2 is highly expressed in the mammalian brain and catalyzes the phosphorylation of a large number of substrates that are crucial in neuronal or glial homeostasis and inflammatory signaling processes across synapses. In this study, we investigated the impact of auditory integration therapy (AIT) for the treatment of sensory processing abnormalities in autism on plasma CK2 levels. A total of 25 ASD children, aged between 5 and 12 years, were enrolled and participated in the present research study. AIT was performed for two weeks, for a period of 30 min, twice a day, with a 3 h interval between sessions. Before and after AIT, the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), and Short Sensory Profile (SSP) scores were calculated, and plasma CK2 levels were assayed using an ELISA test. The CARS and SRS indices of autism severity improved as a result of AIT, which could be related to the decreased level of plasma CK2. However, the mean value of the SSP scores was not significantly increased after AIT. The relationship between CK2 downregulation and glutamate excitotoxicity, neuro-inflammation, and leaky gut, as etiological mechanisms in ASD, was proposed and discussed. Further research, conducted on a larger scale and with a longer study duration, are required to assess whether the cognitive improvement in ASD children after AIT is related to the downregulation of CK2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45050274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T02:56:57Z","timestamp":1684119417000},"page":"4317-4330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Influence of Auditory Integrative Training on Casein Kinase 2 and Its Impact on Behavioral and Social Interaction in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Laila","family":"Al-Ayadhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh 12713, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2149-6239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramesa Shafi","family":"Bhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farah Ali","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh 13314, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulmalik S.","family":"Alhadlaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Afaf","family":"El-Ansary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh 12713, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Autism Center, Lotus Holistic Medical Center, Abu Dhabi 110281, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6706a1","article-title":"Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years\u2014Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014","volume":"67","author":"Baio","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. 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