{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T04:06:13Z","timestamp":1787889973357,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":182,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Fund for Science, Technology, and Innovation of Venezuela (FONACIT)","award":["LX22NPO5103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LX22NPO5103"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Virology and Bacteriology","award":["LX22NPO5103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LX22NPO5103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide public health problem. Chronic infection with HCV can lead to liver cirrhosis or cancer. Although some immune-competent individuals can clear the virus, others develop chronic HCV disease due to viral mutations or an impaired immune response. IFNs type I and III and the signal transduction induced by them are essential for a proper antiviral effect. Research on the viral cycle and immune escape mechanisms has formed the basis of therapeutic strategies to achieve a sustained virological response (SVR). The first therapies were based on IFN\u03b1; then, IFN\u03b1 plus ribavirin (IFN\u2013RBV); and then, pegylated-IFN\u03b1-RBV (PEGIFN\u03b1-RIV) to improve cytokine pharmacokinetics. However, the maximum SVR was 60%, and several significant side effects were observed, decreasing patients\u2019 treatment adherence. The development of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) significantly enhanced the SVR (&gt;90%), and the compounds were able to inhibit HCV replication without significant side effects, even in paediatric populations. The management of coinfected HBV\u2013HCV and HCV\u2013HIV patients has also improved based on DAA and PEG-IFN\u03b1-RBV (HBV\u2013HCV). CD4 cells are crucial for an effective antiviral response. The IFN\u03bb3, IL28B, TNF-\u03b1, IL-10, TLR-3, and TLR-9 gene polymorphisms are involved in viral clearance, therapeutic responses, and hepatic pathologies. Future research should focus on searching for strategies to circumvent resistance-associated substitution (RAS) to DAAs, develop new therapeutic schemes for different medical conditions, including organ transplant, and develop vaccines for long-lasting cellular and humoral responses with cross-protection against different HCV genotypes. The goal is to minimise the probability of HCV infection, HCV chronicity and hepatic carcinoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45100521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T08:18:57Z","timestamp":1697012337000},"page":"8255-8276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Synopsis of Hepatitis C Virus Treatments and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Medina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology Dr. Nicol\u00e1s E. Bianco C., Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1040, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2354-0160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis Hip\u00f3lito","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology Dr. Nicol\u00e1s E. Bianco C., Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1040, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis Isamarg","family":"Crespo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology Dr. Nicol\u00e1s E. Bianco C., Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1040, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e9lix Isidro","family":"Toro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology Dr. Nicol\u00e1s E. 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