{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:01:49Z","timestamp":1790762509185,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,15]],"date-time":"2023-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite current advancements in chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted treatments, the potential for major adverse cardiovascular events, regardless of previous cardiac history, persists. Scoring systems, such as the Heart Failure Association-International Cardio-Oncology Society (HFA-ICOS) risk assessment tool, can be utilized to evaluate several factors including prior cardiac history, risk factors and cardiac biomarkers to categorize patients into low, moderate, high, and very high-risk groups. Common cardiotoxicity complications include new or worsening left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), QT interval prolongation, myocardial ischaemia, hypertension, thromboembolic disease, cardiac device malfunction and valve disease. Baseline electrocardiogram (ECG) and transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) are routinely performed for all patients commenced on cardiotoxic treatment, while other imaging modalities and biochemical markers have proven useful for monitoring. Management mainly includes early risk stratification and prompt identification of cardiovascular complications, with patient-specific surveillance throughout treatment. A multidisciplinary approach is crucial in determining the relationship between potential treatment benefits and cardiotoxicity, and whether the continuation of treatment is appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Early risk stratification, optimizing the patient\u2019s cardiovascular status prior to treatment, and prompt identification of suspected cardiotoxicity are key in significantly reducing risk. This article provides a comprehensive review of the various types of treatment-related cardiotoxicity, offering guidance on identifying high-risk patients, recognizing early signs of cardiotoxicity, and outlining appropriate treatment approaches and follow-up care for such cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45100526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T01:31:22Z","timestamp":1697419882000},"page":"8337-8358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Cardiac Toxicities in Oncology: Elucidating the Dark Box in the Era of Precision Medicine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Younan","family":"Samuel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, Kent, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aswin","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, Kent, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Foteini","family":"Karagkouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, Kent, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5458-4812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayden","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GKT School of Medicine, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunyoung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Aldermaston Road, Basingstoke RG24 9NA, Hampshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2512-6131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stergios","family":"Boussios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, Kent, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK"},{"name":"Kent Medway Medical School, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7LX, Kent, UK"},{"name":"AELIA Organization, 9th Km Thessaloniki\u2014Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0488-6","article-title":"The history and advances in cancer immunotherapy: Understanding the characteristics of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and their therapeutic implications","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. 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