{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T15:43:36Z","timestamp":1772639016622,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Galectins are known to play an important role in immunoregulatory processes and autoimmune diseases. Galectin-10 is a cytoplasmic protein of human eosinophils and is involved in various eosinophilic diseases. Since increased galectin expression is already detected in the placentas of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), this study focuses on the specific role of galectin-10 and hints at consequences for the diagnosis and therapeutic options of GDM. It is hypothesized that the difference in galectin-10 expression will raise the pathophysiological understanding of gestational diabetes. The study population consists of 80 women: 40 healthy mothers and 40 women suffering from gestational diabetes mellitus. The expression of galectin-10 was analyzed in the syncytiotrophoblast (SCT) and the decidua of the placenta via immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence double staining. The immunoreactivity score (IRS) was used for evaluation. The results in this study were significant for an overexpression of galectin-10 in GDM placentas compared with the control group. The syncytiotrophoblast showed overexpression in the nucleus and the cytoplasm, whereas expression of galectin-10 in the decidua was significant in the cytoplasm only. This study identified the expression changes in galectin-10 in placental tissue between healthy and GDM mothers and intensified the understanding of gestational diabetes. Assuming that gestational diabetes mellitus is involved in inflammatory processes, galectin-10 might play a role in the development and maintenance of GDM. Further investigation is required to strengthen these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45110554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T09:28:13Z","timestamp":1698917293000},"page":"8840-8851","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Galectin-10 Expression in Placentas of Women with Gestational Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Christina","family":"Buschmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Unverdorben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Knabl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Hutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Meister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8603-6714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Beyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maximiliane","family":"Burgmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0795-1680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Keilmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alaleh","family":"Zati zehni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Schmoeckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mirjana","family":"Kessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2623-3235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Udo","family":"Jeschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Mahner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1418-8588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Kolben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Ganster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Burges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60515-8","article-title":"Gestational diabetes: The need for a common ground","volume":"373","author":"Reece","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lende, M. (2020). Gestational Diabetes: Overview with Emphasis on Medical Management. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249573"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2010.01040.x","article-title":"Neonatal complications and risk factors among women with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"90","author":"Schneider","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20807","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)31891-4","article-title":"Galectins. Structure and function of a large family of animal lectins","volume":"269","author":"Barondes","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021192","article-title":"Galecints: A family of animal lectins that decipher glycocodes","volume":"119","author":"Kasai","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(02)00314-8","article-title":"Role of galectins in inflammatory and immunomodulatory processes","volume":"1572","author":"Rabinovic","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2007.09.002","article-title":"Functions of cell surface galectin-glycoprotein lattices","volume":"17","author":"Rabinovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2013.07.005","article-title":"Expression and function of galectins in the endometrium and at the human feto-maternal interface","volume":"34","author":"Jeschke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hepp, P. (2020). Placental Galectin-2 Expression in Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic, Histological Analysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072404"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomizawa, H. (2022). Galectin-10 as a Potential Biomarker for Eosinophilic Diseases. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12101385"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.02.037","article-title":"Structures of human galectin-10\/monosaccharide complexes demonstrate potential of monosaccharides as effectors in forming Charcot-Leyden crystals","volume":"525","author":"Itoh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, J. (2018). A Brief History of Charcot-Leyden Crystal Protein\/Galectin-10 Research. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23112931"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2015.09.015","article-title":"Fetal gender specific expression of tandem-repeat galectins in placental tissue from normally progressed human pregnancies and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)","volume":"36","author":"Hutter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2009.03.040","article-title":"Immunhistochemical Characterization of specific inflammatory tissue reactions following embolization with four different spherical agents in the minipig kidney model","volume":"20","author":"Stampfl","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2003.03.001","article-title":"Evaluation of Cytokeratin 7 as an accurate intracellular marker with which to asess the purity of human placental villous trophoblast cells by flow cytometry","volume":"286","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.5.1047","article-title":"Global prevalence of diabetes: Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030","volume":"27","author":"Wild","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2014). Report of World Health Organization Consultation, Diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy: A World Health Organization Guideline. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 103, 341\u2013363.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.10.012"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-159-2-201307160-00661","article-title":"Benefits and harms of treating gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and the National Institutes of Health Office of Medical Applications of Research","volume":"159","author":"Hartling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2022.103629","article-title":"Overexpression of galectin-4 in placentas of women with gestational diabetes","volume":"151","author":"Schrader","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gau021","article-title":"Getting too sweet: Galectin-1 dysregulation in gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"20","author":"Blois","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-006-0178-1","article-title":"Binding of galectin-1 (gal-1) to the Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigen on trophoblast cells and inhibition of proliferation of trophoblast tumor cells in vitro by gal-1 or an anti-TF antibody","volume":"126","author":"Jeschke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unverdorben, L. (2016). Prototype and Chimera-Type Galectins in Placentas with Spontaneous and Recurrent Miscarriages. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17050644"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-007-0290-2","article-title":"Galectin-2 induces apoptosis of lamina propria T lymphocytes and ameliorates acute and chronic experimental colitis in mice","volume":"86","author":"Paclik","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.2004.04004.x","article-title":"Functional analyses of placental protein 13\/galectin-13","volume":"271","author":"Than","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.11.019","article-title":"Galectin-13\/PP-13 expression in term placentas of gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancies","volume":"36","author":"Unverdorben","year":"2015","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keckstein, S. (2020). Sex Specific Expression of Interleukin 7, 8 and 15 in Placentas of Women with Gestational Diabetes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218026"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1095","article-title":"Comparative analyses on expression of galectins1-4, 7-10 and 12 in first trimester placenta, decidua and isolated trophoblast cells in vitro","volume":"31","author":"Unverdorben","year":"2016","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9731","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903568106","article-title":"A primate subfamily of galectins expressed at the maternal-fetal interface that promote immune cell death","volume":"106","author":"Than","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["Current Issues in Molecular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/45\/11\/554\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:16:04Z","timestamp":1760130964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/45\/11\/554"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["cimb45110554"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cimb45110554","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-3045"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-3045","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]}}}