{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T16:32:24Z","timestamp":1770913944657,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]],"date-time":"2024-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00261934\/2021R1I1A2053285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00261934\/2021R1I1A2053285"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Arecae pericarpium (AP), the fruit peel of the betel palm, is a traditional Oriental herbal medicine. AP is used to treat various diseases and conditions, such as ascites, edema, and urinary retention, in traditional Korean medicine. Recent studies have demonstrated its anti-obesity and antibacterial effects; however, its anti-neuroinflammatory effects have not yet been reported. Therefore, we investigated the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of AP on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse microglia in this study. To determine the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of AP on BV2 microglial cells, we examined the production of nitric oxide (NO) using Griess assay and assessed the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory mediators, such as inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, using a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, we determined the levels of mitogen-activated protein kinases and I\u03baB\u03b1 via Western blotting to understand the regulating mechanisms of AP. AP treatment decreased NO production in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. Additionally, AP suppressed the expression of iNOS and COX-2 and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. AP also inhibited the activation of p38 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-\u03baB) in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. Therefore, AP exerts anti-neuroinflammatory effects via inactivation of the p38 and NF-\u03baB pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46010056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]],"date-time":"2024-01-19T07:00:32Z","timestamp":1705647632000},"page":"884-895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects of Arecae pericarpium on LPS-Stimulated BV2 Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4974-6555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeon-gyu","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong-Uk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin-Young","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung-Joo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Herbology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bitna","family":"Kweon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gi-Sang","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Center of Traditional Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101580","article-title":"Global and regional projections of the economic burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias from 2019 to 2050: A value of statistical life approach","volume":"51","author":"Nandi","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2016.1212854","article-title":"Neuroinflammation pathways: A general review","volume":"127","author":"Shabab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. 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