{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:55:43Z","timestamp":1792004143797,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Estrogens are hormones that play an important role in the digestive tract, including in men. Letrozole is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 aromatase, an enzyme converting androgens to estrogens. The use of letrozole may cause oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the cells. Factors modulating cellular stress may include vitamin C. The purpose of this study was to examine whether letrozole and\/or vitamin C supplementation can affect the morphology of the small intestine, the parameters of endoplasmic reticulum stress, programmed cell death markers, and oxidative damage. Three-month-old male rats were divided into four groups and treated with the following: (I) CTRL\u2014water; (II) CTRL+C\u2014L-ascorbic acid; (III) LET\u2014letrozole; and (IV) LET+C\u2014letrozole + L-ascorbic acid. The morphometrical measurements included epithelial thickness, crypt and lumen area, crypt perimeter, nuclei number in the crypt, and the cell size of crypts. The expression levels of PERK, caspase-3, and catalase were determined. Significant differences in the morphometrical measurements and immunoexpression were observed. This may indicate that chronic treatment with letrozole can affect morphology and induce ER stress, oxidative stress, and programmed cell death in the epithelial cells of the small intestine of adult male rats. Vitamin C supplementation exerts an effect on some parameters of the molecular processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46030127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T11:19:24Z","timestamp":1709291964000},"page":"1943-1954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effects of Letrozole Treatment and Vitamin C Supplementation on Morphology, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Programmed Cell Death, and Oxidative Stress in the Small Intestine of Adult Male Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4955-4437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Pilutin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2157-0315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylwia","family":"Rzeszotek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1542-8371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Wilk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaudia","family":"Klimaszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"\u0141ukasiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rufaro Lynnette","family":"Mafuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanushan","family":"Nagendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupia","family":"Ndambara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Wiszniewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"5673","article-title":"The Roles of Estrogen and Estrogen Receptors in Gastrointestinal Disease (Review)","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol. 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