{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T11:24:17Z","timestamp":1789039457128,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]],"date-time":"2024-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wroclaw Medical University research","award":["SUBK.C260.22.075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBK.C260.22.075"]}]},{"name":"Wroclaw Medical University research","award":["SUBZ.C260.24.003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.C260.24.003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a debilitating inflammatory skin disorder, and its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. This study aimed to investigate the role of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) and NLRP3 inflammasome in HS pathogenesis. RNA sequencing and real-time PCR were performed to assess the gene expression levels of P2X7R and NLRP3 in the skin biopsies of HS patients and healthy controls (HC). The results of our study revealed a significantly increased expression of the NLRP3 gene in both the lesional and perilesional skin of HS patients compared to healthy controls. Moreover, the mRNA levels of NLRP3 were significantly higher in lesional skin compared to non-lesional skin in HS patients, indicating the spread of inflammation to adjacent tissues. In contrast, no significant differences in P2X7R gene expression were observed between the three groups. These findings suggest the involvement of NLRP3 inflammasomes in HS pathogenesis, while P2X7R may not play a significant role in the disease. This research sheds light on the complex inflammatory pathways in HS, highlighting the potential of NLRP3 as a therapeutic target. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying HS is crucial for the development of targeted treatment modalities for this debilitating condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46030161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T10:54:38Z","timestamp":1710759278000},"page":"2544-2552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The NLRP3 Inflammasome Gene Is Overexpressed in Hidradenitis Suppurativa Lesions: A Preliminary Study on the Role of Pyroptosis in Disease Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4722-8531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr K.","family":"Krajewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 1, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1346-2418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weronika","family":"Szuka\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of General Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0766-6342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek C.","family":"Szepietowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 1, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0149-1","article-title":"Hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"6","author":"Sabat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1093\/ced\/llad182","article-title":"Obesity and hidradenitis suppurativa: Targeting meta-inflammation for therapeutic gain","volume":"48","author":"Mintoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.11.018","article-title":"The IL-1 Pathway Is Hyperactive in Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Contributes to Skin Infiltration and Destruction","volume":"139","author":"Wolk","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.07.010","article-title":"Expression of the IL-23\/Th17 pathway in lesions of hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"65","author":"Schlapbach","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaav5908","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aav5908","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps, B cells, and type I interferons contribute to immune dysregulation in hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"11","author":"Byrd","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e139930","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.139930","article-title":"Contribution of plasma cells and B cells to hidradenitis suppurativa pathogenesis","volume":"5","author":"Gudjonsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljac107","article-title":"Adipokines as an important link between hidradenitis suppurativa and obesity: A narrative review","volume":"188","author":"Krajewski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krajewski, P.K., Szuka\u0142a, W., Lichawska-Cie\u015blar, A., Matusiak, \u0141., Jura, J., and Szepietowski, J.C. (2021). MCPIP1\/Regnase-1 Expression in Keratinocytes of Patients with Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Preliminary Results. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147241"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-019-01853-2","article-title":"Keratinocyte-specific ablation of Mcpip1 impairs skin integrity and promotes local and systemic inflammation","volume":"97","author":"Konieczny","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5892","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2009.07273.x","article-title":"Regulatory feedback loop between NF-kappaB and MCP-1-induced protein 1 RNase","volume":"276","author":"Skalniak","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1159\/000502026","article-title":"The P2X7 Receptor Is Overexpressed in the Lesional Skin of Subjects Affected by Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Preliminary Study","volume":"237","author":"Manfredini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Hurley, H. (1996). Roenigk & Roenigk\u2019s Dermatologic Surgery: Principles and Practice, Marcel Dekker, Inc.. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15748","article-title":"Development and validation of the International Hidradenitis Suppurativa Severity Score System (IHS4), a novel dynamic scoring system to assess HS severity","volume":"177","author":"Zouboulis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1159\/000531561","article-title":"Prevalence of Hidradenitis Suppurativa in an African population: Validation of a screening questionnaire in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"239","author":"Anaba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"adv00847","DOI":"10.2340\/actadv.v103.4410","article-title":"Hidradenitis Suppurativa Prevalence in Nuuk, Greenland: Physician Validation of a Hidradenitis Suppurativa Questionnaire in a Greenlandic Setting","volume":"103","author":"Botvid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.21234","article-title":"Prevalence of Hidradenitis Suppurativa in Berekum, Ghana","volume":"187","author":"Hagan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.08.090","article-title":"Hidradenitis suppurativa: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, and pathogenesis","volume":"82","author":"Goldburg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1159\/000529848","article-title":"Tunnels in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Active Inflammatory Entities with Specific Molecular and Genetic Profiles\u2014A Narrative Review","volume":"239","author":"Krajewski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chernyshov, P.V., Finlay, A.Y., Tomas-Aragones, L., Poot, F., Sampogna, F., Marron, S.E., Zemskov, S.V., Abeni, D., Tzellos, T., and Szepietowski, J.C. (2021). Quality of Life in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: An Update. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18116131"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0866","article-title":"Psychophysical aspects of hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"90","author":"Matusiak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16255","article-title":"Psychosocial burden of Hidradenitis Suppurativa patients\u2019 partners","volume":"34","author":"Wlodarek","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"adv00120","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3477","article-title":"Exploring the EQ-5D Dimension of Pain\/Discomfort in Dermatology Outpatients from a Multicentre Study in 13 European Countries","volume":"100","author":"Sampogna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2022.119080","article-title":"Depression and anxiety in hidradenitis suppurativa patients: A cross-sectional study among Polish patients","volume":"40","author":"Rymaszewska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatol. Alergol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"adv00319","article-title":"Correlation between Depression, Quality of Life and Clinical Severity in Patients with Hidradenitis Suppurativa","volume":"100","author":"Sampogna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e171","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.16603","article-title":"Profound consequences of hidradenitis suppurativa: A review","volume":"183","author":"Matusiak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"adv00364","article-title":"Pain in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Cross-sectional Study of 1795 Patients","volume":"101","author":"Krajewski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2019.84007","article-title":"Sleep quality among adult patients with chronic dermatoses","volume":"36","author":"Kaaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatol. Alergol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuenca-Barrales, C., Montero-Vilchez, T., Krajewski, P.K., Szepietowski, J.C., Matusiak, L., Arias-Santiago, S., and Molina-Leyva, A. (2022). Sexual Dysfunction and Quality of Life in Patients with Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Their Partners. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010389"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rymaszewska, J.E., Krajewski, P.K., Matusiak, \u0141., Maj, J., and Szepietowski, J.C. (2023). Satisfaction with Life and Coping Strategies among Patients with Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Cross-Sectional Study. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12082755"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.09.021","article-title":"Hidradenitis suppurativa markedly decreases quality of life and professional activity","volume":"62","author":"Matusiak","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.06.1301","article-title":"Evaluating patients\u2019 unmet needs in hidradenitis suppurativa: Results from the Global Survey Of Impact and Healthcare Needs (VOICE) Project","volume":"82","author":"Garg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12966","article-title":"European S1 guideline for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa\/acne inversa","volume":"29","author":"Zouboulis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Novartis (2023, December 10). Novartis Receives European Approval for Cosentyx\u00ae as First and only IL-17A Inhibitor for Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Novartis. Available online: https:\/\/www.novartis.com\/news\/media-releases\/novartis-receives-european-approval-cosentyx-first-and-only-il-17a-inhibitor-hidradenitis-suppurativa."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Loewe, K. (2023, March 13). AbbVie\u2019s HUMIRA\u00ae (Adalimumab) Receives First and only U.S. Food and Drug Administration Approval for Moderate to Severe Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Abbvie. Available online: https:\/\/news.abbvie.com\/news\/abbvies-humira-adalimumab-receives-first-and-only-us-food-and-drug-administration-approval-for-moderate-to-severe-hidradenitis-suppurativa.htm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17023","DOI":"10.1038\/sigtrans.2017.23","article-title":"NF-\u03baB signaling in inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., and Sun, S.C. (2015). NF-kappaB in inflammation and renal diseases. Cell Biosci., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-015-0056-4"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14214","article-title":"Keratinocytes and neutrophils are important sources of proinflammatory molecules in hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"174","author":"Lima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0165-0","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome: Molecular activation and regulation to therapeutics","volume":"19","author":"Swanson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljad184","article-title":"Targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome reduces inflammation in hidradenitis suppurativa skin","volume":"189","author":"Moran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4324","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202045","article-title":"Signaling through purinergic receptors for ATP induces human cutaneous innate and adaptive Th17 responses: Implications in the pathogenesis of psoriasis","volume":"190","author":"Killeen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2014.09.002","article-title":"Cathelicidin peptide LL-37 increases UVB-triggered inflammasome activation: Possible implications for rosacea","volume":"76","author":"Salzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2014.00006","article-title":"Principles and properties of ion flow in P2X receptors","volume":"8","author":"Samways","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12077","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.797126","article-title":"The intracellular chloride channel proteins CLIC1 and CLIC4 induce IL-1beta transcription and activate the NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"292","author":"Coll","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.053959.115","article-title":"How many biological replicates are needed in an RNA-seq experiment and which differential expression tool should you use?","volume":"22","author":"Schurch","year":"2016","journal-title":"RNA"}],"container-title":["Current Issues in Molecular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/46\/3\/161\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:14:48Z","timestamp":1760105688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/46\/3\/161"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["cimb46030161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cimb46030161","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-3045"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-3045","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]]}}}