{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:32:31Z","timestamp":1774571551101,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]],"date-time":"2024-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Rostock, the European Regional Development Fund (EFRE), and the European Social Fund (ESF)","award":["AU 09 046:ESF\/IV-BM-B35-0005\/12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AU 09 046:ESF\/IV-BM-B35-0005\/12"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A hepatocyte cell line was used to determine the hepatotoxicity of sedatives and opioids, as the hepatotoxicity of these drugs has not yet been well characterized. This might pose a threat, especially to critically ill patients, as they often receive high cumulative doses for daily analgosedation and often already have impaired liver function due to an underlying disease or complications during treatment. A well-established biosensor based on HepG2\/C3A cells was used for the determination of the hepatotoxicity of commonly used sedatives and opioids in the intensive care setting (midazolam, propofol, s-ketamin, thiopental, fentanyl, remifentanil, and sufentanil). The incubation time was 2 \u00d7 3 days with clinically relevant (Cmax) and higher concentrations (C5\u00d7 and C10\u00d7) of each drug in cell culture medium or human plasma. Afterward, we measured the cell count, vitality, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity, cytochrome P 450 1A2 (CYP1A2), and albumin synthesis. All tested substances reduced the viability of hepatocyte cells, but sufentanil and remifentanil showed more pronounced effects. The cell count was diminished by sufentanil in both the medium and plasma and by remifentanil only in plasma. Sufentanil and remifentanil also led to higher values of LDH in the cell culture supernatant. A reduction of mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity was seen with the use of midazolam and s-ketamine. Microalbumin synthesis was reduced in plasma after its incubation with higher concentrations of sufentanil and remifentanil. Remifentanil and s-ketamine reduced CYP1A2 activity, while propofol and thiopental increased it. Our findings suggest that none of the tested sedatives and opioids have pronounced hepatotoxicity. Sufentanil, remifentanil, and s-ketamine showed moderate hepatotoxic effects in vitro. These drugs should be given with caution to patients vulnerable to hepatotoxic drugs, e.g., patients with pre-existing liver disease or liver impairment as part of their underlying disease (e.g., hypoxic hepatitis or cholestatic liver dysfunction in sepsis). Further studies are indicated for this topic, which may use more complex cell culture models and global pharmacovigilance reports, addressing the limitation of the used cell model: HepG2\/C3A cells have a lower metabolic capacity due to their low levels of CYP enzymes compared to primary hepatocytes. However, while the test model is suitable for parental substances, it is not for toxicity testing of metabolites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46040189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T07:18:28Z","timestamp":1711955908000},"page":"3022-3038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["In Vitro Hepatotoxicity of Routinely Used Opioids and Sedative Drugs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Katharina","family":"Haller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charit\u00e9 Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Do\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Extracorporeal Therapy Systems (EXTHER), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Schillingallee 68, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6221-9081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Sauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Extracorporeal Therapy Systems (EXTHER), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Schillingallee 68, 18057 Rostock, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital of Magdeburg, Birkenallee 34, 39130 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Butterworth, J.F., Morgan, G.E., and Mikhail, M.S. 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