{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T09:56:05Z","timestamp":1791453365407,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,26]],"date-time":"2024-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a growing shift from the use of conventional pharmaceutical oral care products to the use of herbal extracts and traditional remedies in dental caries prevention. This is attributed to the potential environmental and health implications of contemporary oral products. This comprehensive review aims at the analysis of plant-derived compounds as preventive modalities in dental caries research. It focuses on data collected from 2019 until recently, trying to emphasize current trends in this topic. The research findings suggest that several plant-derived compounds, either aqueous or ethanolic, exhibit notable antibacterial effects against Streptococcus mutans and other bacteria related to dental caries, with some extracts demonstrating an efficacy comparable to that of chlorhexidine. Furthermore, in vivo studies using plant-derived compounds incorporated in food derivatives, such as lollipops, have shown promising results by significantly reducing Streptococcus mutans in high-risk caries children. In vitro studies on plant-derived compounds have revealed bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity against S. mutans, suggesting their potential use as dental caries preventive agents. Medicinal plants, plant-derived phytochemicals, essential oils, and other food compounds have exhibited promising antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens, either by their anti-adhesion activity, the inhibition of extracellular microbial enzymes, or their direct action on microbial species and acid production. However, further research is needed to assess their antimicrobial activity and to evaluate the cytotoxicity and safety profiles of these plant-derived compounds before their widespread clinical use can be recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46060315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T10:27:59Z","timestamp":1716805679000},"page":"5257-5290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Plant-Derived Compounds: A Promising Tool for Dental Caries Prevention"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3718-4750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Tzimas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11521 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7333-3066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Antoniadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11521 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3927-9056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodoros","family":"Varzakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, 24100 Kalamata, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8035-1710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chrysoula (Chrysa)","family":"Voidarou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47132 Arta, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Oral Health and Quality of Life: Current Concepts","volume":"11","author":"Baiju","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varzakas, T., and Antoniadou, M. (2024). A Holistic Approach for Ethics and Sustainability in the Food Chain: The Gateway to Oral and Systemic Health. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13081224"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515602879","article-title":"Global Economic Impact of Dental Diseases","volume":"94","author":"Listl","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"WHO (2024, April 20). Noncommunicable Diseases, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/noncommunicable-diseases."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764479","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2022.764479","article-title":"Understanding dental caries as a non-communicable and behavioral disease: Management implications","volume":"3","author":"Giacaman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oral Health"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2024, March 26). Global Oral Health Status Report WHO 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/team\/noncommunicable-diseases\/global-status-report-on-oral-health-2022."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1159\/000077753","article-title":"Changing paradigms in concepts on dental caries: Consequences for oral health care","volume":"38","author":"Fejerskov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2024, April 20). Oral Health in America: Advances and Challenges, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK578297\/."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"31","article-title":"Tooth Decay Is the Most Prevalent Disease","volume":"33","author":"Heng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fed. Pract."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17030","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.30","article-title":"Dental caries","volume":"3","author":"Pitts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60031-2","article-title":"Dental caries","volume":"369","author":"Selwitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lance"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, S., Li, J., Li, X., Ying, Y., Yuan, J., Chen, K., Deng, S., and Wang, Q. (2023). Association of polymicrobial interactions with dental caries development and prevention. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1162380"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260442","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2023.1260442","article-title":"The composition of the dental pellicle: An updated literature review","volume":"4","author":"Enax","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Oral Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-3327.197035","article-title":"Correlation between dental caries experience and mutans streptococci counts by microbial and molecular (polymerase chain reaction) assay using saliva as microbial risk indicator","volume":"13","author":"Damle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spatafora, G., Li, Y., He, X., Cowan, A., and Tanner, A.C.R. (2024). The Evolving Microbiome of Dental Caries. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12010121"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ptasiewicz, M., Grywalska, E., Mertowska, P., Korona-G\u0142owniak, I., Poniewierska-Baran, A., Nied\u017awiedzka-Rystwej, P., and Cha\u0142as, R. (2022). Armed to the Teeth-The Oral Mucosa Immunity System and Microbiota. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020882"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2017.03.003","article-title":"Biofilm over teeth and restorations: What do we need to know?","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Daliri, E.B.-M., Kim, N., Kim, J.-R., Yoo, D., and Oh, D.-H. (2020). Microbial Etiology and Prevention of Dental Caries: Exploiting Natural Products to Inhibit Cariogenic Biofilms. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9070569"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/s40496-015-0064-9","article-title":"Declining Caries Trends: Are We Satisfied?","volume":"2","author":"Lagerweij","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Oral Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2009.09.008","article-title":"The contribution of dietary factors to dental caries and disparities in caries","volume":"9","author":"Mobley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acad. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazurkiewicz, D., Pustu\u0142ka, M., Ambrozik-Haba, J., and Bienkiewicz, M. (2023). Dietary Habits and Oral Hygiene as Determinants of the Incidence and Intensity of Dental Caries\u2014A Pilot Study. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15224833"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"e604","article-title":"Prevention of dental caries: A review of effective treatments","volume":"8","author":"Sicca","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2017.11.003","article-title":"Fluorides and Other Preventive Strategies for Tooth Decay","volume":"62","author":"Horst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-019-00464-2","article-title":"Guidelines on the use of fluoride for caries prevention in children: An updated EAPD policy document","volume":"20","author":"Toumba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcd.ijcd_2_22","article-title":"Recent advances in caries prevention \u2013A review article","volume":"9","author":"Kalaivani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Community Dent."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shrestha, L., Fan, H.M., Tao, H.R., and Huang, J.D. (2022). Recent Strategies to Combat Biofilms Using Antimicrobial Agents and Therapeutic Approaches. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11030292"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034510393346","article-title":"Cochrane reviews on the benefts\/risks of fuoride toothpastes","volume":"90","author":"Wong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2022.01.005","article-title":"Chlorhexidine in Dentistry: Pharmacology, Uses, and Adverse Effects","volume":"72","author":"Ouanounou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2006.050141","article-title":"Short-term side effects of 0.2% alcohol-free chlorhexidine mouthrinse used as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment: A double-blind clinical study","volume":"77","author":"Zaim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakaue, Y., Takenaka, S., Ohsumi, T., Domon, H., Terao, Y., and Noiri, Y. (2018). The effect of chlorhexidine on dental calculus formation: An in vitro study. BMC Oral Health, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-018-0517-3"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173665","article-title":"Current herbal medicine as an alternative treatment in dentistry: In vitro, in vivo and clinical studies","volume":"889","author":"Moghadam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.162101","article-title":"Herbal extracts in oral health care\u2014A review of the current scenario and its future needs","volume":"9","author":"Nagarajappa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1159\/000377734","article-title":"Natural products and caries prevention","volume":"49","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042098619854881","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098619854881","article-title":"Adverse events associated with home use of mouthrinses: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Tartaglia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2013.00177","article-title":"The growing use of herbal medicines: Issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety","volume":"4","author":"Ekor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ancuceanu, R., Anghel, A.I., Ionescu, C., Hovane\u021b, M.V., Cojocaru-Toma, M., and Dinu, M. (2019). Clinical Trials with Herbal Products for the Prevention of Dental Caries and Their Quality: A Scoping Study. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201911.0325.v1"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14276","article-title":"Potential applications of medicinal herbs and phytochemicals in oral and dental health: Status quo and future perspectives","volume":"29","author":"Hajisadeghi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_1297_22","article-title":"A systematic review of medicinal plants and herbal products\u2019 effectiveness in oral health and dental cure with health promotion approach","volume":"12","author":"Amanpour","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Educ. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.04.021","article-title":"Ethnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka, India--plants used in oral health care","volume":"94","author":"Hebbar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahid, M., Shahzad, A., Malik, A., and Sahai, A. (2013). Recent Trends in Prevention and Treatment of Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease by Natural Plant Products. Recent Trends in Biotechnology and Therapeutic Applications of Medicinal Plants, Springer Nature. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6603-7"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2004.tb00294.x","article-title":"An in vivo study of the plaque control efficacy of Persica: A commercially available herbal mouthwash containing extracts of Salvadora persica","volume":"54","author":"Khalessi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, C., Zhang, H., Li, L., and Liu, Z. (2022). Effects of green tea extract epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on oral disease-associated microbes: A review. J. Oral Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2022.2131117"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, M., Prakash, S., Kumari, N., Pundir, A., Punia, S., Saurabh, V., Choudhary, P., Changan, S., and Dhumal, S. (2021). Beneficial Role of Antioxidant Secondary Metabolites from Medicinal Plants in Maintaining Oral Health. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10071061"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antoniadou, M., Rozos, G., Vaiou, N., Zaralis, K., Ersanli, C., Alexopoulos, A., Tzora, A., Varzakas, T., and Voidarou, C.C. (2024). The In Vitro Assessment of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Efficacy in Rosa damascena and Hypericum perforatum Extracts against Pathogenic Strains in the Interplay of Dental Caries, Oral Health, and Food Microbiota. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12010060"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Abreu, M.H.N.G., Cruz, A.J.S., Borges-Oliveira, A.C., Martins, R.d.C., and Mattos, F.d.F. (2021). Perspectives on Social and Environmental Determinants of Oral Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413429"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2007.00507.x","article-title":"Exploring the association of dental caries with social factors and nutritional status in Brazilian preschool children","volume":"116","author":"Oliveira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhusari, S., Ilechukwu, C., Elwishahy, A., Horstick, O., Winkler, V., and Antia, K. (2020). Dental Caries among Refugees in Europe: A Systematic Literature Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249510"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karnaki, P., Katsas, K., Diamantis, D.V., Riza, E., Rosen, M.S., Antoniadou, M., Gil-Salmer\u00f3n, A., Grabovac, I., and Linou, A. (2022). Dental Health, Caries Perception and Sense of Discrimination among Migrants and Refugees in Europe: Results from the Mig-HealthCare Project. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12189294"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-2724","article-title":"In Vitro Analysis of Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) Root Extract Activity on Streptococcus mutans in Comparison to Chlorhexidine and Fluoride Mouthwash","volume":"20","author":"Malvania","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2019.11.201","article-title":"Effects of EurycomaLongifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) Alcoholic Root Extract Against Oral Pathogens","volume":"11","author":"Alloha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacog. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2018.11.005","article-title":"Activity of quercetin and kaemferol against Streptococcus mutans biofilm","volume":"98","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_30_19","article-title":"Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of Solanum xanthocarpum and Pistacia lentiscus extracts on Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus species and Actinomyces viscosus: An in vitro study","volume":"23","author":"Mahalakshmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-019-0744-2","article-title":"Antimicrobial potential of toothpaste formulated from extracts of Syzygium aromaticum, Dennettia tripetala and Jatropha curcas latex against some oral pathogenic microorganisms","volume":"9","author":"Oluwasina","year":"2019","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshahrani, A.M., and Gregory, R.L. (2020). In vitro Cariostatic effects of cinnamon water extract on nicotine-induced Streptococcus mutans biofilm. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-2840-x"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-1796","article-title":"Comparison of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Four Different Plant Extracts against Cariogenic Bacteria: An In Vitro Study","volume":"13","author":"Rai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2018.01.005","article-title":"Antimicrobial effect of herbal extract of Acacia arabica with triphala on the biofilm forming cariogenic microorganisms","volume":"11","author":"Ramalingam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ayurveda Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12328","article-title":"Activity of Ligustrum robustum (Roxb.) Blume extract against the biofilm formation and exopolysaccharide synthesis of Streptococcus mutans","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.2174\/1570163817666200712171652","article-title":"Potential Fatty Acid as Antibacterial Agent Against Oral Bacteria of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis from Basil (Ocimum americanum): In vitro and In silico Studies","volume":"18","author":"Herdiyati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Discov. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-021-01232-6","article-title":"Biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans and its inhibition by green tea extracts","volume":"11","author":"Zayed","year":"2021","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balhaddad, A.A., Mokeem, L., Melo, M.A.S., and Gregory, R.L. (2021). Antibacterial Activities of Methanol and Aqueous Extracts of Salvadora persica against Streptococcus mutans Biofilms: An In Vitro Study. Dent. J., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj9120143"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.4274\/tjps.galenos.2020.42966","article-title":"Physicochemical Evaluation and Antibacterial Activity of Massularia acuminata Herbal Toothpaste","volume":"18","author":"Adeleye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.25122\/jml-2021-0189","article-title":"The antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of three herbal extracts on Streptococcus mutans compared with Chlorhexidine 0.2% (in vitro study)","volume":"15","author":"Mehdipour","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"113","article-title":"The Effect of Pimpinella Anisum and Origanum Vulgare Extracts Against Streptococcus Sanguinis, Streptococcus Mutans, and Streptococcus Salivarius","volume":"23","author":"Lavaee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jalil, V., Khan, M., Haider, S.Z., and Shamim, S. (2022). Investigation of the Antibacterial, Anti-Biofilm, and Antioxidative Effect of Piper betle Leaf Extract against Bacillus gaemokensis MW067143 Isolated from Dental Caries, an In Vitro-In Silico Approach. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10122485"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"485","article-title":"Effect of Non-Nutritive Sweeteners on Antibacterial Activity of Black and Green Tea Aqueous Extracts against Salivary Mutans Streptococci (in-vitro Study)","volume":"78","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Razi Inst."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_151_21","article-title":"Anti-cariogenic property of Carica papaya, Trachyspermum ammi, Caesalpinia crista linn extracts and their effect on human oral keratinocytes","volume":"27","author":"Govindaram","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_551_22","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of Curcuma amada extract on Streptococcus mutans\u2014An in vitro study","volume":"27","author":"Maria","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"258","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of the Phytochemical Analysis and Efficacy of Four Plant-derived Extracts against Streptococcus mutans: An In Vitro Study","volume":"16","author":"Kripalani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5777","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-023-04356-6","article-title":"Exploring the Potential of a Herbal Nanoemulsion as an Antimicrobial Mouthwash","volume":"195","author":"Nehavarshini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karnjana, K., Jewboonchu, J., Niyomtham, N., Tangngamsakul, P., Bunluepuech, K., Goodla, L., and Mordmuang, A. (2023). The potency of herbal extracts and its green synthesized nanoparticle formulation as antibacterial agents against Streptococcus mutans associated biofilms. Biotechnol. Rep., 37.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2022.e00777"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3831\/KPI.2023.26.1.44","article-title":"Combined Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts from Quercus infectoria Galls and Scrophularia striata Aerial Parts for an Anticariogenic Herbal Mouthwash","volume":"26","author":"Falakdin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharmacopunct."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"398","article-title":"Evaluation of Antimicrobial Action of Coffe and its By-products against Streptococcus Mutans: An in vitro study","volume":"10","author":"Bollamma","year":"2023","journal-title":"EJPMR"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.job.2024.01.006","article-title":"Medicinal herbs, especially Hibiscus sabdariffa, inhibit oral pathogenic bacteria","volume":"66","author":"Takada","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Oral Biosci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Agnello, M., Dinis, M., Chien, K.C., Wang, J., Hu, W., Shi, W., He, X., and Zou, J. (2019). Lollipop containing Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract reduces Streptococcus mutans colonization and maintains oral microbial diversity in Chinese preschool children. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221756"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khoramian Tusi, S., Jafari, A., Marashi, S.M.A., Faramarzi Niknam, S., Farid, M., and Ansari, M. (2020). The effect of antimicrobial activity of Teucrium Polium on Oral Streptococcus Mutans: A randomized cross-over clinical trial study. BMC Oral Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01116-4"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-1942","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Antibacterial Effect of GIC Containing Chlorhexidine and Miswak on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in Early Childhood Caries Children: A PCR Study","volume":"14","author":"Kalpavriksha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"e28207","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Antibacterial Efficacy of Emblica Officinalis Lollipop Against Streptococcus Mutans Counts in Institutionalized Visually Impaired Children","volume":"14","author":"Bane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04400-5","article-title":"The antimicrobial effect of Rosmarinus officinalis extracts on oral initial adhesion ex vivo","volume":"26","author":"Karygianni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.4103\/JCDE.JCDE_149_23","article-title":"Coffee pulp: From a by-product of coffee production to a potential anticariogenic mouth rinse! An in vivo study","volume":"26","author":"Bollamma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Conserv. Dent. Endod."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altemimi, A., Lakhssassi, N., Baharlouei, A., Watson, D.G., and Lightfoot, D.A. (2017). Phytochemicals: Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts. Plants, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants6040042"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Ochoa, \u00c1., Leyva-Jim\u00e9nez, F.J., De la Luz C\u00e1diz-Gurrea, M., Pimentel-Moral, S., and Segura-Carretero, A. (2021). The Role of High-Resolution Analytical Techniques in the Development of Functional Foods. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063220"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2012.09.004","article-title":"Recent developments in qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemical constituents and their metabolites using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"72","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, C.-S., and Shin, H.-K. (2021). Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Simultaneous Quantification of Eleven Phytochemical Constituents in Traditional Korean Medicine, Sogunjung Decoction. Processes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9010153"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razgonova, M.P., Zakharenko, A.M., Gordeeva, E.I., Shoeva, O.Y., Antonova, E.V., Pikula, K.S., Koval, L.A., Khlestkina, E.K., and Golokhvast, K.S. (2021). Phytochemical Analysis of Phenolics, Sterols, and Terpenes in Colored Wheat Grains by Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26185580"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2015.11.005","article-title":"Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review","volume":"6","author":"Balouiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Pastor, R., Carrera-Pacheco, S.E., Z\u00fa\u00f1iga-Miranda, J., Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00f3lit, C., Mayorga-Ramos, A., Guam\u00e1n, L.P., and Barba-Ostria, C. (2023). Current Landscape of Methods to Evaluate Antimicrobial Activity of Natural Extracts. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031068"},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"(2024, April 20). Available online: https:\/\/clsi.org\/media\/1928\/m07ed11_sample.pdf."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"24","article-title":"Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment Methods for Biofilm Growth: A Mini-review","volume":"6","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Rev. J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.JPBS_175_19","article-title":"Preparation of Medicinal Plants: Basic Extraction and Fractionation Procedures for Experimental Purposes","volume":"12","author":"Abubakar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurley, E., Barrett, M.P., Kinirons, M., Whelton, H., Ryan, C.A., and Stanton, C. (2019). Comparison of the salivary and dentinal microbiome of children with severe early childhood caries to the salivary microbiome of caries-free children. BMC Oral Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-018-0693-1"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12072","article-title":"Diet and the microbial aetiology of dental caries: New paradigms","volume":"63","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_304_18","article-title":"Oral microbiome: Unveiling the fundamentals","volume":"23","author":"Deo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2010.02.024","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of Chinese medicine herbs against common bacteria in oral biofilm. A pilot study","volume":"39","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262762","article-title":"Clinical reduction of S. mutans in pre-school children using a novel liquorice root extract lollipop: A pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Peters","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4248\/IJOS11005","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a safe and effective sugar-free herbal lollipop that kills cavity-causing bacteria","volume":"3","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9231","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17089231","article-title":"Influences of Dryopteris crassirhizoma extract on the viability, growth and virulence properties of Streptococcus mutans","volume":"17","author":"Ban","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2011.649430","article-title":"Anti-Streptococcus mutans efficacy of Thai herbal formula used as a remedy for dental caries","volume":"50","author":"Joycharat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"423","article-title":"Evaluation of three medicinal plants for anti-microbial activity","volume":"33","author":"Pratap","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Q. J. Res. Ayurveda"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imr.2013.02.002","article-title":"Screening of aqueous extracts of medicinal herbs for antimicrobial activity against oral bacteria","volume":"2","author":"Yim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Integr. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-013-0085-7","article-title":"Antibacterial substances from Albizia myriophylla wood against cariogenic Streptococcus mutans","volume":"36","author":"Joycharat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-013-3312-5","article-title":"Antimicrobial effects of herbal extracts on Streptococcus mutans and normal oral streptococci","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-0105.141954","article-title":"Antimicrobial efficacy of the combinations of Acacia nilotica, Murraya koenigii L. sprengel, Eucalyptus hybrid and Psidium guajava on primary plaque colonizers","volume":"5","author":"Nagarajappa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lien, H.M., Tseng, C.J., Huang, C.L., Lin, Y.T., Chen, C.C., and Lai, Y.Y. (2014). Antimicrobial activity of Antrodia camphorata extracts against oral bacteria. PLoS ONE, 21.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105286"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712683","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/712683","article-title":"Herbal mouthwash containing extracts of Baccharis dracunculifolia as agent for the control of biofilm: Clinical evaluation in humans","volume":"2015","author":"Pedrazzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"30","article-title":"In Vitro Anti-Cariogenic Plaque Effects of Essential Oils Extracted from Culinary Herbs","volume":"11","author":"Wiwattanarattanabut","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"4921614","article-title":"Antibacterial Effects of Natural Herbal Extracts on Streptococcus mutans: Can They Be Potential Additives in Dentifrices?","volume":"2017","author":"Nirupad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"68","article-title":"Effect of Green Coffee Bean Extract on Streptococcus mutans Count: A Randomised Control Trial","volume":"11","author":"Yadav","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-1442","article-title":"Comparison of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Green Tea, Garlic with Lime, and Sodium Fluoride Mouth Rinses against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli species, and Candida albicans in Children: A Randomized Double-blind Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"10","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-016-1827-y","article-title":"Efficacy of a sugar-free herbal lollipop for reducing salivary Streptococcus mutans levels: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Almaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sekita, Y., Murakami, K., Yumoto, H., Amoh, T., Fujiwara, N., Ogata, S., Matsuo, T., Miyake, Y., and Kashiwada, Y. (2016). Preventive Effects of Houttuynia cordata Extract for Oral Infectious Diseases. Biomed. Res. Int., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2581876"},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antimicrobial Effect of Leaves of Phyllanthus niruri and Solanum nigrum on Caries Causing Bacteria: An In vitro Study","volume":"11","author":"Sunitha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"ZC47","article-title":"Anti Bacterial Efficacy of Terminalia Chebula, Terminalia Bellirica, Embilica Officinalis and Triphala on Salivary Streptococcus Mutans Count\u2014A Linear Randomized Cross Over Trial","volume":"11","author":"Saxena","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"21","article-title":"Antifungal and antibacterial activities of polyherbal toothpaste against oral pathogens, in vitro","volume":"4","author":"Moghimipour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2018.03.017","article-title":"Use of herbal extract from Artemisia herba-alba (Shih) in pharmaceutical preparations for dental hygiene","volume":"26","author":"Mohammed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"37","article-title":"Use of fluorides in dental caries management","volume":"58","author":"Chu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gen. Dent."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francois, P., Fouquet, V., Attal, J.P., and Dursun, E. (2020). Commercially Available Fluoride-Releasing Restorative Materials: A Review and a Proposal for Classification. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13102313"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, O.L., Niu, J.Y., Yin, I.X., Yu, O.Y., Mei, M.L., and Chu, C.H. (2023). Bioactive Materials for Caries Management: A Literature Review. Dent. J., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj11030059"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2007.01.007","article-title":"The effect of different formulations of chlorhexidine in reducing levels of mutans streptococci in the oral cavity: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"35","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02664.x","article-title":"Cationic antiseptics: Diversity of action under a common epithet","volume":"99","author":"Gilbert","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cieplik, F., Jakubovics, N.S., Buchalla, W., Maisch, T., Hellwig, E., and Al-Ahmad, A. (2019). Resistance Toward Chlorhexidine in Oral Bacteria\u2014Is There Cause for Concern?. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00587"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakagami, H., and Tomomura, M. (2018). Dental Application of Natural Products. Medicines, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines5010021"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakagami, H., Watanabe, T., Hoshino, T., Suda, N., Mori, K., Yasui, T., Yamauchi, N., Kashiwagi, H., Gomi, T., and Oizumi, T. (2019). Recent Progress of Basic Studies of Natural Products and Their Dental Application. Medicines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines6010004"},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"479","article-title":"Potential role for natural products in dental caries control","volume":"17","author":"Philip","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2016.06.011","article-title":"Anti-plaque effect of a synergistic combination of green tea and Salvadora persica L. against primary colonizers of dental plaque","volume":"70","author":"Abdulbaqi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5444","article-title":"Anti-carious Effects of Galla chinensis: A Systematic Review","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2008.00450.x","article-title":"Anticaries effect of compounds extracted from Galla chinensis in a multispecies biofilm model","volume":"23","author":"Xie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.5823","article-title":"Assessment of antibacterial properties and the active ingredient of plant extracts and its effect on the performance of crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio var. E\u2019erqisi, Bloch)","volume":"93","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1159\/000324084","article-title":"Effect of Galla chinensis on growth and metabolism of microcosm biofilms","volume":"45","author":"Cheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2009.06.007","article-title":"Effects of Galla chinensis on inhibition of demineralization of regular bovine enamel or enamel disposed of organic matrix","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.4103\/JISPPD.JISPPD_100_20","article-title":"Effectiveness of licorice in preventing dental caries in children: A systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Tharakan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Pedod. Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2011.01842.x","article-title":"Licorice and its potential beneficial effects in common oro-dental diseases","volume":"18","author":"Messier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2017.12.004","article-title":"Therapeutic benefits of liquorice in dentistry","volume":"11","author":"Sidhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ayurveda Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlDehlawi, H., and Jazzar, A. (2023). The Power of Licorice (Radix glycyrrhizae) to Improve Oral Health: A Comprehensive Review of Its Pharmacological Properties and Clinical Implications. Healthcare, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11212887"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1021\/np058069d","article-title":"Antibacterial compounds from Glycyrrhiza uralensis","volume":"69","author":"He","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-2361","article-title":"Anticaries Efficacy of Liquorice Lollipop: An ex vivo Study","volume":"19","author":"Krishnakumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12717","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of disodium succinoyl glycyrrhetinate, a derivative of glycyrrhetinic acid against Streptococcus mutans","volume":"63","author":"Yamashita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2012.11.003","article-title":"Anticariogenic and phytochemical evaluation of Eucalyptus globules Labill","volume":"20","author":"Ishnava","year":"2013","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"528","article-title":"Effect of Cha-em Thai mouthwash on salivary levels of mutans streptococci and total IgA","volume":"37","author":"Amornchat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2003.11.007","article-title":"Surface activity of thymol: Implications for an eventual pharmacological activity","volume":"34","author":"Nolan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.6.2474-2478.2005","article-title":"Mechanisms of antibacterial action of three monoterpenes","volume":"49","author":"Trombetta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2017.0083","article-title":"Therapeutic Uses of Triphala in Ayurvedic Medicine","volume":"23","author":"Peterson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-012-1299-x","article-title":"Scientific validation of the ethnomedicinal properties of the Ayurvedic drug Triphala: A review","volume":"18","author":"Baliga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.09.002","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids","volume":"26","author":"Cushnie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16021486","article-title":"Plant Polyphenols and Their Anti-Cariogenic Properties: A Review","volume":"16","author":"Ferrazzano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1159\/000104791","article-title":"The antibacterial activity of plant extracts containing polyphenols against Streptococcus mutans","volume":"41","author":"Smullen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Li, Z., Chen, F., and Chai, Y. (2023). Polyphenols in Oral Health: Homeostasis Maintenance, Disease Prevention, and Therapeutic Applications. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15204384"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kharouf, N., Haikel, Y., and Ball, V. (2020). Polyphenols in Dental Applications. Bioengineering, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering7030072"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flemming, J., Meyer-Probst, C.T., Speer, K., K\u00f6lling-Speer, I., Hannig, C., and Hannig, M. (2021). Preventive Applications of Polyphenols in Dentistry\u2014A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094892"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2009.02.003","article-title":"Polyphenols, oral health and disease: A review","volume":"37","author":"Petti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrazzano, G.F., Cantile, T., Coda, M., Alcidi, B., Sangianantoni, G., Ingenito, A., Di Stasio, M., and Volpe, M.G. (2016). In Vivo Release Kinetics and Antibacterial Activity of Novel Polyphenols-Enriched Chewing Gums. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21081008"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrazzano, G.F., Scioscia, E., Sateriale, D., Pastore, G., Colicchio, R., Pagliuca, C., Cantile, T., Alcidi, B., Coda, M., and Ingenito, A. (2017). In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Pomegranate Juice and Peel Extracts on Cariogenic Bacteria. Biomed. Res. Int., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2152749"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melok, A.L., Lee, L.H., Mohamed Yussof, S.A., and Chu, T. (2018). Green Tea Polyphenol Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate-Stearate Inhibits the Growth of Streptococcus mutans: A Promising New Approach in Caries Prevention. Dent. J., 6.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201807.0138.v1"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1159\/000515814","article-title":"Green Tea-Derived Epigallocatechin Gallate Inhibits Acid Production and Promotes the Aggregation of Streptococcus mutans and Non-Mutans Streptococci","volume":"55","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider-Rayman, M., Steinberg, D., Sionov, R.V., Friedman, M., and Shalish, M. (2021). Effect of epigallocatechin gallate on dental biofilm of Streptococcus mutans: An in vitro study. BMC Oral Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01798-4"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdr.ijdr_512_21","article-title":"Green tea catechins showed antibacterial activity on streptococcus mutans\u2014An in vitro study","volume":"32","author":"Hattarki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"81","article-title":"The Mouthwash War\u2014Chlorhexidine vs. Herbal Mouth Rinses: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Manipal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."}],"container-title":["Current Issues in Molecular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/46\/6\/315\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:48:58Z","timestamp":1760107738000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/46\/6\/315"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,26]]},"references-count":156,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["cimb46060315"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cimb46060315","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-3045"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-3045","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,26]]}}}