{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:20:45Z","timestamp":1790886045138,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]],"date-time":"2024-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Specific molecular and inflammatory endotypes have been identified for chronic respiratory disorders, including asthma and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). These endotypes correspond with clinical aspects of disease, enabling targeted medicines to address certain pathophysiologic pathways, often referred to as \u201cprecision medicine\u201d. With respect to bronchiectasis, many comorbidities and underlying causes have been identified. Inflammatory endotypes have also been widely studied and reported. Additionally, several genes have been shown to affect disease progression. However, the lack of a clear classification has also hampered our understanding of the disease\u2019s natural course. The aim of this review is, thus, to summarize the current knowledge on biomarkers and actionable targets of this complex pathologic condition and to point out unmet needs, which are required in the design of effective diagnostic and therapeutic trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46070398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T09:23:59Z","timestamp":1719998639000},"page":"6675-6689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Potential New Inflammatory Markers in Bronchiectasis: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Francesco Rocco","family":"Bertuccio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Respiratory Disease, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Baio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Respiratory Disease, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Montini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Respiratory Disease, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Ferroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Respiratory Disease, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Chino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ospedale Pederzoli, Peschiera del Garda, 37121 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucrezia","family":"Pisanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Respiratory Disease, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Respiratory Disease, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Giana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Respiratory Disease, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5725-5309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Cascina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Respiratory Disease, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Conio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Respiratory Disease, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelia","family":"Grosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4843-5890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica","family":"Gini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Albicini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo Guido","family":"Corsico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Respiratory Disease, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0929-4394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia Maria","family":"Stella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Respiratory Disease, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00119114","article-title":"Management of Bronchiectasis in Adults","volume":"45","author":"Chalmers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201507-472OC","article-title":"Etiology of non\u2013cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in adults and its correlation to disease severity","volume":"12","author":"Lonni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"British Thoracic Society Guideline for Bronchiectasis in Adults","volume":"74","author":"Hill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-022-00535-0","article-title":"Shortened Telomere Length in Sputum Cells of Bronchiectasis Patients is Associated with Dysfunctional Inflammatory Pathways","volume":"200","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)30320-4","article-title":"Comorbidities and the Risk of Mortality in Patients with Bronchiectasis: An International Multicentre Cohort Study","volume":"4","author":"McDonnell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-208481","article-title":"Multidimensional Severity Assessment in Bronchiectasis: An Analysis of Seven European Cohorts","volume":"71","author":"McDonnell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201309-1575OC","article-title":"The Bronchiectasis Severity Index an International Derivation and Validation Study","volume":"189","author":"Chalmers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aliberti, S., Sotgiu, G., Lapi, F., Gramegna, A., Cricelli, C., and Blasi, F. (2020). Prevalence and Incidence of Bronchiectasis in Italy. BMC Pulm. Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-020-1050-0"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01033-2015","article-title":"Changes in the Incidence, Prevalence and Mortality of Bronchiectasis in the UK from 2004 to 2013: A Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"47","author":"Quint","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraser, C.S., and Jos\u00e9, R.J. (2023). Insights into Personalised Medicine in Bronchiectasis. J. Pers. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13010133"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00226-5","article-title":"Effect of Tezepelumab on Airway Inflammatory Cells, Remodelling, and Hyperresponsiveness in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Uncontrolled Asthma (CASCADE): A Double-Blind, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 2 Trial","volume":"9","author":"Diver","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI124606","article-title":"Epithelial Cell-Derived Cytokines: More than Just Signaling the Alarm","volume":"129","author":"Roan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034975","article-title":"Tezepelumab in Adults and Adolescents with Severe, Uncontrolled Asthma","volume":"384","author":"Corren","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"321","article-title":"A Thymic Stromal Cell Line Supports in Vitro Development of Surface IgM+ B Cells and Produces a Novel Growth Factor Affecting B and T Lineage Cells","volume":"22","author":"Friend","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.5.671","article-title":"Molecular Cloning and Biological Characterization of a Novel Murine Lymphoid Growth Factor","volume":"192","author":"Sims","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031975","article-title":"A Role for Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in CD4(+) T Cell Development","volume":"200","author":"Spolski","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0524-9","article-title":"TSLP: From Allergy to Cancer","volume":"20","author":"Corren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7699","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.11.7699","article-title":"The Role of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in CD8+ T Cell Homeostasis","volume":"181","author":"Rochman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201847663","article-title":"Airway Epithelial TSLP Production of TLR2 Drives Type 2 Immunity in Allergic Airway Inflammation","volume":"48","author":"Lv","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20062211","article-title":"Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Is Released by Human Epithelial Cells in Response to Microbes, Trauma, or Inflammation and Potently Activates Mast Cells","volume":"204","author":"Allakhverdi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.07.031","article-title":"Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Is Induced by Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Infected Airway Epithelial Cells and Promotes a Type 2 Response to Infection","volume":"130","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61912","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.61912","article-title":"Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Limits Primary and Recall CD8(+) T-Cell Anti-Viral Responses","volume":"10","author":"West","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2009-0418OC","article-title":"Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Gene Promoter Polymorphisms Are Associated with Susceptibility to Bronchial Asthma","volume":"44","author":"Harada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/ni805","article-title":"Human Epithelial Cells Trigger Dendritic Cell Mediated Allergic Inflammation by Producing TSLP","volume":"3","author":"Soumelis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1211622","article-title":"The Multiple Facets of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) during Allergic Inflammation and Beyond","volume":"91","author":"Roan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2332\/allergolint.11-RAI-0395","article-title":"TSLP Expression: Cellular Sources, Triggers, and Regulatory Mechanisms","volume":"61","author":"Takai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39559","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39559","article-title":"Distinct Roles of Short and Long Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Isoforms in House Dust Mite-Induced Asthmatic Airway Epithelial Barrier Disruption","volume":"6","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2008-0041OC","article-title":"Functional Analysis of the Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Variants in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells","volume":"40","author":"Harada","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/76923","article-title":"Cloning of a Receptor Subunit Required for Signaling by Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin","volume":"1","author":"Pandey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.5.659","article-title":"Cloning of the Murine Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) Receptor: Formation of a Functional Heteromeric Complex Requires Interleukin 7 Receptor","volume":"192","author":"Park","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14937","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14937","article-title":"Structure and Antagonism of the Receptor Complex Mediated by Human TSLP in Allergy and Asthma","volume":"8","author":"Verstraete","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2012.03.007","article-title":"Long TSLP Transcript Expression and Release of TSLP Induced by TLR Ligands and Cytokines in Human Keratinocytes","volume":"66","author":"Xie","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4867","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300588","article-title":"Evidence for a Functional Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Signaling Axis in Fibrotic Lung Disease","volume":"191","author":"Datta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin Mena, A., Langlois, A., Speca, S., Schneider, L., Desreumaux, P., Dubuquoy, L., and Bertin, B. (2017). The Expression of the Short Isoform of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in the Colon Is Regulated by the Nuclear Receptor Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-Gamma and Is Impaired during Ulcerative Colitis. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01052"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20051135","article-title":"TSLP-Activated Dendritic Cells Induce an Inflammatory T Helper Type 2 Cell Response through OX40 Ligand","volume":"202","author":"Ito","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.41","article-title":"The Short Form of TSLP Is Constitutively Translated in Human Keratinocytes and Has Characteristics of an Antimicrobial Peptide","volume":"8","author":"Bjerkan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varricchi, G., Pecoraro, A., Marone, G., Criscuolo, G., Spadaro, G., Genovese, A., and Marone, G. (2018). Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Isoforms, Inflammatory Disorders, and Cancer. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01595"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10329","article-title":"TSLP Promotes Interleukin-3-Independent Basophil Haematopoiesis and Type 2 Inflammation","volume":"477","author":"Siracusa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.11.012","article-title":"Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Does Not Activate Human Basophils","volume":"141","author":"Delbove","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3847","article-title":"Skin Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Initiates Th2 Responses through an Orchestrated Immune Cascade","volume":"4","author":"Hener","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"55","article-title":"Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Expression from Benign Lymphoproliferation to Malignant B-Cell Lymphoma in Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Gandolfo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.09.015","article-title":"Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Signaling in CD4(+) T Cells Is Required for TH2 Memory","volume":"135","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, J.Y., Kim, T.H., Kang, S.Y., Park, H.J., Lim, S.Y., Kim, S.H., Jung, K.S., Yoo, K.H., Yoon, H.K., and Rhee, C.K. (2023). Association between Serum Levels of Interleukin-25\/Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin and the Risk of Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13030564"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, L.K.Y., Lau, T.S., Chung, K.Y., Tam, C., Cheung, T.H., Yim, S.F., Lee, J.H.S., Leung, R.W.T., Qin, J., and Or, Y.Y.Y. (2021). Short-Form Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (SfTSLP) Is the Predominant Isoform Expressed by Gynaecologic Cancers and Promotes Tumour Growth. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13050980"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701455","article-title":"Elevated Expression of IL-33 and TSLP in the Airways of Human Asthmatics In Vivo: A Potential Biomarker of Severe Refractory Disease","volume":"200","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez-Garc\u00eda, M.\u00c1., Olveira, C., Gir\u00f3n, R., Garc\u00eda-Clemente, M., M\u00e1iz-Carro, L., Sibila, O., Golpe, R., M\u00e9ndez, R., Rodr\u00edguez Hermosa, J.L., and Barreiro, E. (2022). Peripheral Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Bronchiectasis: A Marker of Disease Severity. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12101399"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14894","article-title":"Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratio: An Emerging Marker Predicting Prognosis in Elderly Adults with Community-Acquired Pneumonia","volume":"65","author":"Cataudella","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Regolo, M., Vaccaro, M., Sorce, A., Stancanelli, B., Colaci, M., Natoli, G., Russo, M., Alessandria, I., Motta, M., and Santangelo, N. (2022). Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) Is a Promising Predictor of Mortality and Admission to Intensive Care Unit of COVID-19 Patients. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11082235"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19455","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008271107","article-title":"Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin-Mediated STAT5 Phosphorylation via Kinases JAK1 and JAK2 Reveals a Key Difference from IL-7-Induced Signaling","volume":"107","author":"Rochman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-15-0347","article-title":"Inflammation-Related IL1\u03b2\/IL1R Signaling Promotes the Development of Asbestos-Induced Malignant Mesothelioma","volume":"9","author":"Kadariya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20090153","article-title":"TSLP and IL-7 Use Two Different Mechanisms to Regulate Human CD4+ T Cell Homeostasis","volume":"206","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.07.007","article-title":"Barrier Epithelial Cells and the Control of Type 2 Immunity","volume":"43","author":"Hammad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2023.107260","article-title":"The Association between MUC5AC and MUC5B Genes Expression and Remodeling Progression in Severe Neutrophilic Asthma: A Direct Relationship","volume":"213","author":"Khorasani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201041195","article-title":"TSLP Enhances the Function of Helper Type 2 Cells","volume":"41","author":"Kitajima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1452","article-title":"Local Increase in Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Induces Systemic Alterations in B Cell Development","volume":"8","author":"Astrakhan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200607-1011OC","article-title":"MUC5AC and MUC5B Mucins Increase in Cystic Fibrosis Airway Secretions during Pulmonary Exacerbation","volume":"175","author":"Henke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12807","article-title":"Muc5b Is Required for Airway Defence","volume":"505","author":"Roy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12595","article-title":"Secreted Mucins and Airway Bacterial Colonization in Non-CF Bronchiectasis","volume":"20","author":"Sibila","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2009-0313OC","article-title":"NF-\u039aB Mediates IL-1\u03b2- and IL-17A-Induced MUC5B Expression in Airway Epithelial Cells","volume":"45","author":"Fujisawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2012.06.001","article-title":"Innate Type 2 Cells and Asthma","volume":"12","author":"Hams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201906-1219OC","article-title":"Airway Mucus Hyperconcentration in Non\u2013Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis","volume":"201","author":"Ramsey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e32831da8d3","article-title":"Mucus Hypersecretion in Asthma: Causes and Effects","volume":"15","author":"Evans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.2306016","article-title":"From Mucins to Mucus: Toward a More Coherent Understanding of This Essential Barrier","volume":"1","author":"Thornton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100355","article-title":"Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Is Produced by Dendritic Cells","volume":"187","author":"Kashyap","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Current Issues in Molecular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/46\/7\/398\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:07:56Z","timestamp":1760108876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/46\/7\/398"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["cimb46070398"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cimb46070398","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-3045"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-3045","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]]}}}