{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:37:33Z","timestamp":1787027853156,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carotenoids, having strong antioxidant properties, have been associated with neurodegenerative conditions like dementia and glaucoma, characterized by neuronal loss leading to cognitive and visual dysfunction. Therefore, carotenoids have attracted attention as factors predictive of the onset and progression of these neurodegenerative diseases. However, the impact of carotenoids on cognitive impairment and glaucomatous visual field defects remains unexplored. We conducted a retrospective, observational clinical study to investigate the association between skin carotenoid (SC) levels and cognitive impairment, as screened by the Mini-Cog test, in glaucoma patients. The study included 406 participants and 812 eyes were examined (average age: 69.7 \u00b1 11.4 years; 228 men, 178 women) with various types of glaucoma: primary open angle (57.6%), exfoliation (18.6%), and other types (23.8%). SC levels were estimated via pressure-mediated reflection spectroscopy. Mixed-effects regression models were utilized to examine the relationship between SC levels, visual field defects, and Mini-Cog results. Of the participants, 28 (6.9%) tested positive on the Mini-Cog, suggesting cognitive impairment. The average SC level in the Mini-Cog positive group was significantly lower than in the negative group (269.5 \u00b1 86.4 A.U. vs. 329.2 \u00b1 120.4 A.U., respectively; p = 0.01). Additionally, the visual field mean deviation (MD) in the Mini-Cog positive group was notably worse than that in the negative group (\u221219.64 \u00b1 9.07 dB vs. \u221212.46 \u00b1 9.28 dB, respectively; p &lt; 0.0001). The mixed-effects regression analysis revealed a significant association between Mini-Cog positivity and lower SC levels (p = 0.0006), although SC levels did not significantly correlate with MD (p = 0.3). Our findings suggest that cognitive impairment in glaucoma patients is associated with lower SC levels, underscoring the potential benefits of maintaining carotenoid levels to slow cognitive function decline. The protective role of carotenoids in glaucoma merits further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46070413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T11:35:57Z","timestamp":1720006557000},"page":"6940-6950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association between Skin Carotenoid Levels and Cognitive Impairment Screened by Mini-Cog in Patients with Glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Yuji","family":"Takayanagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Shimane, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu 430-8558, Shizuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4508-4231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoichi","family":"Kadoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Shimane, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3168-3380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junichi","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Shimane, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7930-3618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akira","family":"Obana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu 430-8558, Shizuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6512-7203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaki","family":"Tanito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Shimane, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6020466","article-title":"Potential role of carotenoids as antioxidants in human health and disease","volume":"6","author":"Fiedor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.2000.2149","article-title":"Antioxidant and Prooxidant Properties of Carotenoids","volume":"385","author":"Young","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. 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