{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T15:53:17Z","timestamp":1787932397425,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viral infections caused by exposure to viruses such as Epstein\u2013Barr, cytomegalovirus, or Parvovirus B19 have always been considered predisposing environmental factors for the onset of autoimmune diseases. More recently, autoimmune mechanisms such as molecular mimicry, T-cell activation, transient immunosuppression and inflammation have also been observed in cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Several newly diagnosed autoimmune disorders have been reported post-COVID-19, such as COVID-19-associated multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), type 1 diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus, or rheumatoid arthritis. In this article, we present a new case of paediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with haematological (macrophage activation syndrome), renal (stage 2), cutaneous (urticarial vasculitis) and digestive involvement, onset three and a half months post-COVID-19. In the dynamics, de novo infection generated by Epstein\u2013Barr exposure was associated. The diagnosis was confirmed based on EULAR\/ACR 2019 criteria. The aim of the article is to present a possible correlation between SARS-CoV-2 and Epstein\u2013Barr as extrinsic factors in triggering or activating paediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Keywords: paediatric systemic lupus erythematosus; post-COVID-19; Epstein\u2013Barr; SARS- CoV-2; case report; paediatric patient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46080509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T06:25:24Z","timestamp":1723271124000},"page":"8642-8657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A New Case of Paediatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus with Onset after SARS-CoV-2 and Epstein-Barr Infection\u2014A Case Report and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Carmen Loredana","family":"Petrea (Clive\u021bi)","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania"},{"name":"Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children \u201cSf Ioan\u201d, 800487 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7420-256X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana-Andreea","family":"Ciortea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania"},{"name":"Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children \u201cMaria Sklodowska Curie\u201d, 041451 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0052-2795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Miulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania"},{"name":"Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children \u201cSf Ioan\u201d, 800487 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iuliana-Laura","family":"Candussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania"},{"name":"Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children \u201cSf Ioan\u201d, 800487 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3275-2330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergiu Ioachim","family":"Chirila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University Ovidius of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Isabela","family":"Verga (R\u0103u\u021b\u0103)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania"},{"name":"Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children \u201cSf Ioan\u201d, 800487 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona-Elena","family":"Berghe\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children \u201cSf Ioan\u201d, 800487 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai Ciprian","family":"R\u00e2\u0219cu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sorin Ion","family":"Berbece","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.186","article-title":"New insights into the immunopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"12","author":"Tsokos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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