{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T19:12:39Z","timestamp":1784315559076,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["138139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["138139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["138139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["138139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for approximately 20% of all breast cancer cases and is characterized by a lack of estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth factor 2 receptors. Current targeted medicines have been unsuccessful due to this absence of hormone receptors. This study explored the efficacy of Tulbaghia violacea, a South African medicinal plant, for the treatment of TNBC metastasis. Extracts from T. violacea leaves were prepared using water and methanol. However, only the water-soluble extract showed anti-cancer activity and the effects of this water-soluble extract on cell adhesion, invasion, and migration, and its antioxidant activity were assessed using MCF-10A and MDA-MB-231 cells. The T. violacea extract that was soluble in water effectively decreased the movement and penetration of MDA-MB-231 cells through the basement membrane in scratch and invasion tests, while enhancing their attachment to a substance resembling an extracellular matrix. The sample showed mild-to-low antioxidant activity in the antioxidant assy. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed 61 chemical components in the water-soluble extract, including DDMP, 1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione, vanillin, schisandrin, taurolidine, and \u03b1-pinene, which are known to have anti-cancer properties. An in-depth examination of the transcriptome showed alterations in genes linked to angiogenesis, metastasis, and proliferation post-treatment, with reduced activity in growth receptor signaling, angiogenesis, and cancer-related pathways, such as the Wnt, Notch, and PI3K pathways. These results indicate that T. violacea may be a beneficial source of lead chemicals for the development of potential therapeutic medicines that target TNBC metastasis. Additional studies are required to identify the precise bioactive chemical components responsible for the observed anti-cancer effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46100642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T09:16:10Z","timestamp":1727428570000},"page":"10806-10828","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploring Water-Soluble South African Tulbaghia violacea Harv Extract as a Therapeutic Approach for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Metastasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1382-2332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alaouna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa"},{"name":"SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), DSI\/NRF SARChI Chair in Precision Oncology and Cancer Prevention (POCP), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0084, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodney","family":"Hull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), DSI\/NRF SARChI Chair in Precision Oncology and Cancer Prevention (POCP), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0084, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1236-842X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thulo","family":"Molefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), DSI\/NRF SARChI Chair in Precision Oncology and Cancer Prevention (POCP), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0084, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0084, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Khanyile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), DSI\/NRF SARChI Chair in Precision Oncology and Cancer Prevention (POCP), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0084, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0084, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Langanani","family":"Mbodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynaecologic Oncology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thifhelimbilu Emmanuel","family":"Luvhengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nkhensani","family":"Chauke-Malinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), DSI\/NRF SARChI Chair in Precision Oncology and Cancer Prevention (POCP), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0084, South Africa"},{"name":"Papillon Plastic Surgery, Suite 203B, 24 12th Avenue, Linksfield West, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8991-6060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boitumelo","family":"Phakathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clement","family":"Penny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8012-3646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zodwa","family":"Dlamini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), DSI\/NRF SARChI Chair in Precision Oncology and Cancer Prevention (POCP), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0084, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2015.143","article-title":"Circulating 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