{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T02:30:36Z","timestamp":1777084236750,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["2022R1A6A3A01086224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A6A3A01086224"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["NRF-2021R1A2C1093825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A2C1093825"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["2022R1A6A3A01086224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A6A3A01086224"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["NRF-2021R1A2C1093825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A2C1093825"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is one of the inhibitory neurotransmitters with beneficial effects including sedative properties. However, despite various clinical trials, scientific evidence regarding the impact on sleep of orally ingested GABA, whether natural or synthesized through biological pathways, is not clear. GABALAGEN (GBL) is the product of fermented collagen by Lactobacillus brevis BJ20 (L. brevis BJ20) and Lactobacillus plantarum BJ21 (L. plantarum BJ21), enriched with GABA and characterized by low molecular weight. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of GBL on sleep improvement via a receptor binding assay in a pentobarbital-induced sleep-related rat model. We utilized a pentobarbital-induced sleep-related rat model to conduct this research. The present study investigated the sedative effects of GBL through electroencephalography (EEG) analysis in the pentobarbital-induced sleep animal model. Exploration of the neural basis of these positive effects involved evaluating orexin in the brain via immunohistochemical methods and 5-HT in the serum using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Furthermore, we conducted a binding assay for 5-HT2C receptors, as these are considered pivotal targets in the mechanism of action for sleep aids. Diazepam (DZP) was used as a positive control to compare the efficacy of GBL. Results: In the binding assay, GBL displayed binding affinity to the 5-HT2C receptor (IC50 value, 5.911 \u00b5g\/mL). Administration of a low dose of GBL (GBL_L; 100 mg\/kg) increased non-rapid eye movement sleep time and decreased wake time based on EEG data in pentobarbital-induced rats. Administration of a high dose of GBL (GBL_H; 250 mg\/kg) increased non-rapid eye movement sleep time. Additionally, GBL groups significantly increased concentration of the 5-HT level in the serum. GBL_H decreased orexin expression in the lateral hypothalamus. Conclusion: Overall, the sedative effect of GBL may be linked to the activation of serotonergic systems, as indicated by the heightened affinity of the 5-HT2C receptor binding and elevated levels of 5-HT observed in the serum. This suggests that GBL holds promise as a novel compound for inducing sleep in natural products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46100663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T06:00:57Z","timestamp":1728021657000},"page":"11176-11189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["GABALAGEN Facilitates Pentobarbital-Induced Sleep by Modulating the Serotonergic System in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Minsook","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4250-6179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyoung-min","family":"Rheu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Bioprocess Co., Ltd., Busan 46048, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bae-jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Bioprocess Co., Ltd., Busan 46048, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8014-9782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Insop","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14035","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14035","article-title":"The European Insomnia Guideline: An update on the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia 2023","volume":"32","author":"Riemann","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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