{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T13:01:39Z","timestamp":1780837299343,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In veterinary medicine, the significance of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) measurements is not as well documented as it is in humans. The HDL level can be measured in dogs as well and, through referring to the normal range, it is possible to find out what this means in relation to various endocrine diseases and hyperlipidemia diseases. The aim of this study is to measure the HDL levels in dogs with various conditions and to evaluate whether the total cholesterol (TC)-to-HDL ratio is effective as a prognostic indicator in various hyperlipidemia and endocrine diseases, which is significant since it is the first trial in dogs. Through a retrospective study design, sixteen client-owned dogs and cats visiting a local private practice were divided into three groups: five dogs without hyperlipidemia or metabolic disease (Group 1), eight dogs with Cushing\u2019s, hypothyroidism, and gallbladder sludge (Group 2), and three cats, including one with diabetes, one with a urinary disorder, and one healthy cat (Group 3). In two dogs, the TC\/HDL values were between 2 and 3; in two dogs, the values were between 3 and 4; and in two dogs, the values were between 4 and 5. In three dogs, the TC\/HDL values were between 5 and 6 and in three dogs the ratio values were between 6 and 7. The other value was higher than 8. Except for two dogs that showed lower values than 3, all dogs in Group 1 and Group 2 had concurrent endocrine disease. This means that TC\/HDL values can be an excellent indicator of endocrine disease in dogs as well. In cats, although it is a very small batch of samples, a high TC\/HDL value of 9 points was shown in the cat that had diabetes mellitus. However, for more statistically significant results, a larger sample group for further investigation is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46110722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T10:53:45Z","timestamp":1730285625000},"page":"12174-12182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Pilot Study of the Total Cholesterol\/High-Density Lipoprotein Ratio as a Prognostic Indicator of Hyperlipidemia-Related Diseases in Dogs and Cats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1929-7708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyuhyung","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Bundang New York Animal Hospital, Seongnam 13637, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1987.00520160052014","article-title":"Hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for decreased cerebral perfusion and stroke","volume":"44","author":"Meyer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107331","article-title":"Hyperlipidemia in coronary heart disease I. Lipid levels in 500 survivors of myocardial infarction","volume":"52","author":"Goldstein","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1185\/030079903125001668","article-title":"Statin-fibrate combination therapy for hyperlipidaemia: A review","volume":"19","author":"Wierzbicki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60B","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(98)00040-X","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of fenofibrate and a statin in the treatment of combined hyperlipidemia","volume":"81","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.04.002","article-title":"Lymphatic vessels are essential for the removal of cholesterol from peripheral tissues by SR-BI-mediated transport of HDL","volume":"17","author":"Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30003-8","article-title":"Rethinking good cholesterol: A clinicians\u2019 guide to understanding HDL","volume":"7","author":"Xiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2017.04.004","article-title":"Cholesterol concentrations in lipoprotein fractions separated by anion-exchange\u2013high-performance liquid chromatography in healthy dogs and dogs with hypercholesterolemia","volume":"114","author":"Oda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"484","article-title":"Atherosclerosis associated with vasculopathic lesions in a golden retriever with hypercholesterolemia","volume":"55","author":"Boynosky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-500X.119726","article-title":"How to calculate sample size in animal studies?","volume":"4","author":"Charan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hubrecht, R.C., and Carter, E. (2019). The 3Rs and humane experimental technique: Implementing change. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9100754"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-019-1070-z","article-title":"Diagnostic values and appropriate cutoff points of lipid ratios in patients with abnormal glucose tolerance status: A cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.22.2685","article-title":"Total cholesterol\/HDL cholesterol ratio vs LDL cholesterol\/HDL cholesterol ratio as indices of ischemic heart disease risk in men: The Quebec Cardiovascular Study","volume":"161","author":"Lemieux","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173281","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/173281","article-title":"Relationship between serum lipoprotein ratios and insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"2012","author":"Xiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, X., Feng, M., Lu, L., Zhao, Z., Bao, X., Deng, K., Yao, Y., Zhu, H., and Wang, R. (2021). Lipid abnormalities in patients with Cushing\u2019s disease and its relationship with impaired glucose metabolism. Front. Endocrinol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.600323"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-020-01322-7","article-title":"Association between the non-HDL-cholesterol-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio and the risk of gallbladder polyp formation among men: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-999202","article-title":"Total cholesterol\/HDL-cholesterol ratio in hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"12","author":"Feely","year":"1980","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-019-0984-9","article-title":"Total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is a significant predictor of nonalcoholic fatty liver: Jinchang cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.11.215","article-title":"Usefulness of serum total cholesterol\/triglyceride ratio for predicting the presence of small, dense LDL","volume":"11","author":"Yoshida","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2012.09.010","article-title":"Small dense LDL: An emerging risk factor for cardiovascular disease","volume":"414","author":"Hirayama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Superko, H., and Garrett, B. (2022). Small dense LDL: Scientific background, clinical relevance, and recent evidence still a risk even with \u2018normal\u2019LDL-C levels. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10040829"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.694","article-title":"Small, dense low-density-lipoproteins and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Rizzo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes\/Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2007.05115.x","article-title":"Reduced expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor in hepatocellular carcinoma with paraneoplastic hypercholesterolemia","volume":"23","author":"Sohda","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.13837","article-title":"The clinical significance of preoperative serum cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.45.3.S27","article-title":"Diabetic dyslipidemia: Basic mechanisms underlying the common hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL cholesterol levels","volume":"45","author":"Ginsberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(01)50004-2","article-title":"Management of feline diabetes mellitus","volume":"31","author":"Rand","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2018.04.011","article-title":"Novel association between CDKAL1 and cholesterol efflux capacity: Replication after GWAS-based discovery","volume":"273","author":"Cheon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1998.213.10.1444","article-title":"Myocardial infarction in dogs and cats: 37 cases (1985\u20131994)","volume":"213","author":"Driehuys","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(74)90159-3","article-title":"Psychological stress and ventricular arrhythmias during myocardial infarction in the conscious dog","volume":"34","author":"Corbalan","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2009.12.003","article-title":"Predisposition for primary hyperlipidemia in Miniature Schnauzers and Shetland sheepdogs as compared to other canine breeds","volume":"88","author":"Mori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12249","article-title":"Arterial thromboembolism in 250 cats in general practice: 2004\u20132012","volume":"28","author":"Borgeat","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.2754\/avb201079030497","article-title":"Thromboembolic conditions, aetiology diagnosis and treatment in dogs and cats","volume":"79","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Brno"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12174","article-title":"HDL and endothelial protection","volume":"169","author":"Diallo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Current Issues in Molecular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/46\/11\/722\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:23:49Z","timestamp":1760113429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/46\/11\/722"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["cimb46110722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cimb46110722","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-3045"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-3045","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]}}}