{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T07:51:16Z","timestamp":1794297076733,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology at Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital","award":["30-2023-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30-2023-001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors regulate blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and may also exert anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effects by promoting M2 macrophage polarization. Although SGLT2 is expressed in brain regions that influence glucose balance and cognitive function, its roles in the central nervous system are unclear. This study investigated the effects of empagliflozin (EMPA), an SGLT2 inhibitor, on hypothalamic inflammation associated with metabolic diseases. Mice were subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD) for varying durations (3 d, 3 weeks, and 16 weeks) and treated with EMPA for 3 weeks (NFD, NFD + EMPA, HFD, HFD + EMPA; n = 5\/group). EMPA regulated the expression of astrocyte markers and pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA in the hypothalamus of HFD-induced mice, which was linked to regulation of the NF-\u03baB pathway. Under hyperglycemic conditions, EMPA may mitigate hypothalamic inflammation by modulating astrocyte activation via the NF-\u03baB pathway. Our findings demonstrated that EMPA possesses therapeutic potential beyond merely lowering blood glucose levels, opening new avenues for addressing inflammation and providing neuroprotection in metabolic disease management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46110737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T11:36:39Z","timestamp":1730806599000},"page":"12417-12427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Empagliflozin Attenuates High-Glucose-Induced Astrocyte Activation and Inflammation via NF-\u03baB Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4422-2468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50621, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4351-789X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50621, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50621, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3628-8582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dasol","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50621, Republic of 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Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50621, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Hyun","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50621, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50621, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joo Yeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50621, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50621, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50621, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50621, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1215-7975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang Ho","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50621, 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