{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T17:43:15Z","timestamp":1787679795494,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spondyloarthritis refers to a broad group of conditions that include ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, and enteropathic arthritis associated with Crohn\u2019s disease or ulcerative colitis. They have been classified by the ASAS group (ASsessment in Ankylosing Spondylitis) into axial spondyloarthritis and peripheral spondyloarthritis. Common features include the absence of autoantibodies, genetic predisposition, and clinical aspects such as axial joint involvement, peripheral manifestations, and extra-articular involvement. However, the pathogenic mechanisms remain complex and incompletely elucidated, despite the fact that the specialized literature has described several pathways that act in synergy: genetic predisposition, environmental factors (infections and mechanical stress), or innate and acquired immune mechanisms. Finally, an inflammatory response is triggered by the recruitment of a large number of inflammatory cells and the release of innate cytokines in the affected areas: joints or periarticular or extraarticular tissues. The current article aims to update and systematize the knowledge accumulated so far on this topic, focusing on the mechanisms that have been involved in the onset, progression, and severity of ankylosing spondylitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46110762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T09:36:51Z","timestamp":1731404211000},"page":"12800-12812","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["An Actual Insight into the Pathogenic Pathways of Ankylosing Spondylitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Emilia-Daniela","family":"P\u0103s\u0103ran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea Elena","family":"Diaconu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4703-8047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corina","family":"Oancea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0688-9173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andra-Rodica","family":"B\u0103l\u0103nescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3215-8892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sorina Maria","family":"Aurelian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9396-4975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corina","family":"Homentcovschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Medical Semiology, \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.108217","article-title":"The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part I): Classification of paper patients by expert opinion including uncertainty appraisal","volume":"68","author":"Rudwaleit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.108233","article-title":"The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II): Validation and final selection","volume":"68","author":"Rudwaleit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6090","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30313","article-title":"Osteoimmunological insights into the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"236","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"889","article-title":"One year in review 2018: Axial spondyloarthritis","volume":"37","author":"Carli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2014.932442","article-title":"Development of a prognostic score for work disability in Romanian patients with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"37","author":"Oancea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003063","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003063","article-title":"Axial spondyloarthritis and psoriatic arthritis: Mostly overlapping or substantially different diseases?","volume":"9","author":"Braun","year":"2023","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Parameswaran, P., and Lucke, M. (2024). HLA-B27 Syndromes, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-021-05679-7","article-title":"Ankylosing spondylitis risk factors: A systematic literature review","volume":"40","author":"Hwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kocat\u00fcrk, B., Bal\u0131k, Z., Pi\u015firen, G., Kalyoncu, U., \u00d6zmen, F., and \u00d6zen, S. (2022). Spondyloarthritides: Theories and beyond. Front. Pediatr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.1074239"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-018-0100-z","article-title":"Role of Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) in Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"5","author":"Bodis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharip, A., and Kunz, J. (2020). Understanding the Pathogenesis of Spondyloarthritis. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10101461"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15023","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.15023","article-title":"Genetic risk factors in ankylosing spondylitis: Insights into etiology and dis-ease pathogenesis","volume":"27","author":"Mathew","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, J., Xie, P., Zhou, Z., Sun, Y., Wang, F., You, Y., Teng, J., Yang, C., Zhang, X., and Han, Y. (2022). Protective Role of Rheumatic Diseases Against Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Human Leukocyte Antigen B27 Highlighted. Front. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.814423"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valenzuela-Fern\u00e1ndez, A., Cabrera-Rodr\u00edguez, R., Casado, C., P\u00e9rez-Yanes, S., Pernas, M., Garc\u00eda-Luis, J., Marfil, S., Olivares, I., Est\u00e9vez-Herrera, J., and Trujillo-Gonz\u00e1lez, R. (2022). Contribution of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein to AIDS Pathogenesis and Clinical Progression. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10092172"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafiei, A., Gualandi, M., Yang, C.-L., Woods, R., Kumar, A., Brunner, K., Sigrist, J., Ebersbach, H., Coats, S., and Renner, C. (2024). IOS-1002, a Stabilized HLA-B57 Open Format, Exerts Potent Anti-Tumor Activity. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16162902"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7146","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8146","article-title":"Major histocompatibility complex associations of ankylosing spondylitis are complex and involve further epistasis with ERAP1","volume":"6","author":"Cortes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213779","article-title":"HLA class I and II alleles in susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"78","author":"Reveille","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.11.009","article-title":"Single-Cell Genomics Unveils Critical Regulators of Th17 Cell Pathogenicity","volume":"163","author":"Gaublomme","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2416","article-title":"Induction and molecular signature of pathogenic TH17 cells","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13242","article-title":"New developments in our understanding of ankylosing spondylitis pathogenesis","volume":"161","author":"Voruganti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-019-0057-8","article-title":"Ankylosing spondylitis: Etiology, pathogenesis, and treatments","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"3578","article-title":"Autophagy dysfunction may be involved in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"20","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rong, T., Jia, N., Wu, B., Sang, D., and Liu, B. (2022). New Insights into the Regulatory Role of Ferroptosis in Ankylosing Spondylitis via Consensus Clustering of Ferroptosis-Related Genes and Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13081373"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.17305\/bjbms.2016.1001","article-title":"Thiol\/disulfide ho-meostasis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"16","author":"Dogru","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bosn. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2020.03.014","article-title":"Achieving Life through Death: Redox Biology of Lipid Peroxidation in Ferroptosis","volume":"27","author":"Anthonymuthu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, S., Tang, M., Zhang, B., Xiang, D., and Li, F. (2022). Ferroptosis in inflammatory arthritis: A promising future. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.955069"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., Chen, Z., Yang, C., Wang, L., Ma, J., He, T., Li, H., and Quan, Z. (2022). Role of ferroptosis-associated genes in ankylosing spondylitis and immune cell infiltration. Front. Genet., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.948290"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2019.11.005","article-title":"Fiery Cell Death: Pyroptosis in the Central Nervous System","volume":"43","author":"McKenzie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, G., Kang, H.C., Cho, Y.-Y., Lee, H.S., and Lee, J.Y. (2022). Inflammasomes and their roles in arthritic disease pathogenesis. Front. Mol. Biosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.1027917"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2018.22.1.1","article-title":"Role of inflammasomes in inflammatory autoimmune rheumatic diseases","volume":"22","author":"Yi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2018.08.022","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasomes and NLRP3 inflammasome-derived proinflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with an-kylosing spondylitis","volume":"486","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Li, X., Wang, H., and Zhao, X. (2023). Exploring hub pyroptosis-related genes, molecular subtypes, and potential drugs in ankylosing spondylitis by comprehensive bioinformatics analysis and molecular docking. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-06664-8"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Z.-Y., Yuan, D., and Zhang, S.-X. (2022). Role of the microbiome and its metabolites in ankylosing spondylitis. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1010572"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, Y.-S. (2024). Roles of the Caspase-11 Non-Canonical Inflammasome in Rheumatic Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042091"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42289","article-title":"Both Disease Activity and HLA\u2013B27 Status Are Associated With Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Spondyloarthritis Patients","volume":"75","author":"Berland","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, Y., Cai, M., Xu, Y., Dong, P., Chen, H., He, W., and Zhang, J. (2022). Joint together: The etiology and pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.996103"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213532","article-title":"Salmonella exploits HLA-B27 and host unfolded protein responses to promote intracellular replication","volume":"78","author":"Antoniou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-211064","article-title":"Faecal microbiota study reveals specific dysbiosis in spondyloarthritis","volume":"76","author":"Breban","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2020.1838460","article-title":"The association between Candida infection and ankylosing spondylitis: A population-based matched cohort study","volume":"36","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-021-00837-0","article-title":"Novel immune cell phenotypes in spondyloarthritis pathogenesis","volume":"43","author":"Mauro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206323","article-title":"Type 3 innate lymphoid cells producing IL-17 and IL-22 are expanded in the gut, in the peripheral blood, synovial fluid and bone marrow of patients with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"74","author":"Ciccia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24389","article-title":"Overexpression of interleukin-23, but not interleukin-17, as an immunologic signature of subclinical intestinal inflammation in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"60","author":"Ciccia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wordsworth, B.P., Cohen, C.J., Davidson, C., and Vecellio, M. (2021). Perspectives on the Genetic Associations of Ankylosing Spondylitis. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.603726"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2817","article-title":"IL-23 induces spondyloarthropathy by acting on ROR-\u03b3t+ CD3+CD4\u2212CD8\u2212 entheseal resident T cells","volume":"18","author":"Sherlock","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215210","article-title":"Evidence that tissue resident human enthesis \u03b3\u03b4T-cells can produce IL-17A independently of IL-23R transcript expression","volume":"78","author":"Cuthbert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20870","article-title":"Cartilage biomarkers in ankylosing spondylitis: Relationship to clinical variables and treatment response","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.01.108","article-title":"Immune cells involved in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"100","author":"Rezaiemanesh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Ramos, S., Rafael-Vidal, C., Pego-Reigosa, J.M., and Garc\u00eda, S. (2022). Monocytes and Macrophages in Spondyloarthritis: Functional Roles and Effects of Current Therapies. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11030515"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R569","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1698","article-title":"Synovial histopathology of psoriatic arthritis, both oligo- and polyarticular, resembles spondyloarthropathy more than it does rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"7","author":"Kruithof","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780380407","article-title":"Use of immunohistologic and in situ hybridization techniques in the examination of sacroiliac joint biopsy specimens from patients with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"38","author":"Neure","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxh270","article-title":"The involvement of NK cells in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"17","author":"Markel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kucuksezer, U.C., Aktas Cetin, E., Esen, F., Tahrali, I., Akdeniz, N., Gelmez, M.Y., and Deniz, G. (2021). The Role of Natural Killer Cells in Autoimmune Diseases. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.622306"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab617","article-title":"IL-23 and axial disease: Do they come together?","volume":"60","author":"Mease","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsukazaki, H., and Kaito, T. (2020). The Role of the IL-23\/IL-17 Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Spondyloarthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176401"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.01.012","article-title":"Circulating levels of Th1 and Th2 chemokines in patients with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"81","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2004.00525.x","article-title":"High Pretransplant Serum Levels of CXCL10\/IP-10 Are Related to Increased Risk of Renal Allograft Failure","volume":"4","author":"Rotondi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schinocca, C., Rizzo, C., Fasano, S., Grasso, G., La Barbera, L., Ciccia, F., and Guggino, G. (2021). Role of the IL-23\/IL-17 Pathway in Rheumatic Diseases: An Overview. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.637829"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.093476","article-title":"Vitamin D involvement in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythaematosus","volume":"68","author":"Cutolo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2014.08.040","article-title":"Vitamin D in ankylosing spondylitis: Review and meta-analysis","volume":"438","author":"Cai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(00)00154-9","article-title":"The effects of 1\u03b1,24(S)-dihydroxyvitamin D2 analog on cancer cell proliferation and cytokine expression","volume":"66","author":"Shany","year":"2001","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popescu, M., Feldman, T.B., and Chitnis, T. (2021). Interplay Between Endocrine Disruptors and Immunity: Implications for Diseases of Autoreactive Etiology. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.626107"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aurelian, S., Ciobanu, A., C\u0103rare, R., Stoica, S.-I., Anghelescu, A., Ciobanu, V., Onose, G., Munteanu, C., Popescu, C., and Andone, I. (2023). Topical Cellular\/Tissue and Molecular Aspects Regarding Nonpharmacological Inter-ventions in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease\u2014A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216533"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02369.x","article-title":"Bone loss in males with ankylosing spondylitis: Its relation to sex hormone levels","volume":"63","author":"Aydin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertoldo, E., Adami, G., Rossini, M., Giollo, A., Orsolini, G., Viapiana, O., Gatti, D., and Fassio, A. (2021). The Emerging Roles of Endocrine Hormones in Different Arthritic Disorders. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.620920"}],"container-title":["Current Issues in Molecular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/46\/11\/762\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:30:02Z","timestamp":1760113802000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/46\/11\/762"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["cimb46110762"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cimb46110762","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-3045"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-3045","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]}}}