{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T21:44:33Z","timestamp":1770155073594,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]],"date-time":"2024-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We analyzed the effect of alliin on the recovery of mouse testicular function and structure following estradiol treatment as well as on apoptosis regulation. During the cultivation of testicular cells, high-concentration estradiol suppressed Casp-3; PCNA, mTOR, and PI3K signaling increased; and cell proliferation in the testes was abnormally increased. Therefore, estradiol treatment increased the proportion of abnormal cells. The estradiol and 2.5 \u03bcM of alliin treatment increased Casp-3 levels and suppressed Bcl-2, PCNA, mTOR, and PI3K expression. Additionally, treatment with estradiol caused tissue loss. Furthermore, Ca2+ deposition decreased, TNF-r protein expression increased, and the levels of other protein markers of cell survival and death decreased. Tissue recovery and restoration of the testes occurred after alliin treatment; the gene expression of cell survival and death markers, except for TNF-r, increased with increasing Ca2+ deposition. Cell proliferation and tissue reorganization may correlate with an increased signal of intrinsic apoptosis owing to increased Ca2+ deposition. Therefore, treatment with alliin may regulate the apoptosis of cells with normal or abnormal signal transduction and help to revert testicular dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46110776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T06:57:54Z","timestamp":1732172274000},"page":"13021-13034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Alliin Induces Reconstitution of Testes Damaged by Estrogen Overstimulation by Regulating Apoptosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Dae-Seung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Humanimal Science, Hankyong National University, 327, Jungang-ro, Unsung 17579, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"General Graduate School of Animal Life Convergence Science, Hankyong National University, 327, Jungang-ro, Ansung 17579, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min-Jee","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Graduate School of Animal Life Convergence Science, Hankyong National University, 327, Jungang-ro, Ansung 17579, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0996-6912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang-Hwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Humanimal Science, Hankyong National University, 327, Jungang-ro, Unsung 17579, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"School of Animal Life Convergence Science, Hankyong National University, 327, Jungang-ro, Ansung 17579, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx022","article-title":"Temporal trends in sperm count: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"23","author":"Levine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. 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