{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:43:57Z","timestamp":1790793837339,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]],"date-time":"2024-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wonkwang University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Apostichopus japonicus has been used both as a food and in traditional medicine. However, its anti-inflammatory effects in periodontal diseases have not been studied. We examined the anti-inflammatory properties of Apostichopus japonicus extract in RAW 264.7 cells stimulated by Porphyromonas gingivalis. The cytotoxicity of Apostichopus japonicus extract was evaluated using the MTS assay. Its effect on NO production was then measured using the NO assay. The mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6 were assessed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Western blotting was performed to investigate the expression of regulatory proteins involved in the NF-\u03baB and MAPK signaling pathways. Apostichopus japonicus extract significantly inhibited NO production without cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 cells. Following Porphyromonas gingivalis stimulation, treatment with the extract decreased iNOS mRNA expression and protein levels, which are responsible for NO production. The extract also suppressed the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, Apostichopus japonicus extract inhibited NF-\u03baB activation by regulating signaling molecules such as IKK and I\u03baB\u03b1, while also preventing the phosphorylation of MAPK, including ERK, p38, and JNK, showing anti-inflammatory potential. Therefore, it may be a promising natural candidate for the development of new preventive and therapeutic strategies for periodontitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46120799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T07:40:32Z","timestamp":1732606832000},"page":"13405-13417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Apostichopus japonicus Extract in Porphyromonas gingivalis-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7600-4203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-jeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Technology for Food Industry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8461-6376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun-jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomaterial \u2022 Implant, Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1590\/S0482-50042010000400008","article-title":"Immune System: Part I. 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