{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:34:50Z","timestamp":1791981290401,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":184,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, deathly disease with no recognized effective cure as yet. Furthermore, its diagnosis and differentiation from other diffuse interstitial diseases remain a challenge. Circulating miRNAs have been measured in IPF and have proven to be an adequate option as biomarkers for this disease. These miRNAs, released into the circulation outside the cell through exosomes and proteins, play a crucial role in the pathogenic pathways and mechanisms involved in IPF development. This review focuses on the serum\/plasma miRNAs reported in IPF that have been validated by real-time PCR and the published evidence regarding the fibrotic process. First, we describe the mechanisms by which miRNAs travel through the circulation (contained in exosomes and bound to proteins), as well as the mechanism by which miRNAs perform their function within the cell. Subsequently, we summarize the evidence concerning miRNAs reported in serum\/plasma, where we find contradictory functions in some miRNAs (dual functions in IPF) when comparing the findings in vitro vs. in vivo. The most relevant finding, for instance, the levels of miRNAs let-7d and miR-21 reported in the serum\/plasma in IPF, correspond to those found in studies in lung fibroblasts and the murine bleomycin model, reinforcing the usefulness of these miRNAs as future biomarkers in IPF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46120821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T09:30:18Z","timestamp":1733391018000},"page":"13746-13766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Circulating MicroRNAs in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Marisa Denisse","family":"Colin Waldo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Research in Pulmonary Fibrosis, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases \u201cIsmael Cos\u00edo Villegas\u201d, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Secci\u00f3n XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xochipilzihuitl","family":"Quintero-Mill\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Research in Pulmonary Fibrosis, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases \u201cIsmael Cos\u00edo Villegas\u201d, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Secci\u00f3n XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8264-0858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Negrete-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Research in Pulmonary Fibrosis, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases \u201cIsmael Cos\u00edo Villegas\u201d, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Secci\u00f3n XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0440-2093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Research in Pulmonary Fibrosis, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases \u201cIsmael Cos\u00edo Villegas\u201d, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Secci\u00f3n XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Sommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bronchial Hyperreactivity Research Department, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases \u201cIsmael Cos\u00edo Villegas\u201d, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Secci\u00f3n XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e1maris P.","family":"Romero-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conahcyt National Laboratory for Research and Diagnosis by Immunocytofluorometry (LANCIDI), National Institute of Respiratory Diseases \u201cIsmael Cos\u00edo Villegas\u201d, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Secci\u00f3n XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9459-3059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Montes-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Research in Pulmonary Fibrosis, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases \u201cIsmael Cos\u00edo Villegas\u201d, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Secci\u00f3n XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21272","article-title":"Alteration of Aging-Dependent MicroRNAs in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"76","author":"Nho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.03.001","article-title":"Interstitial Lung Disease in 2020: A History of Progress","volume":"42","author":"Guler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Chest Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samarelli, A.V., Tonelli, R., Marchioni, A., Bruzzi, G., Gozzi, F., Andrisani, D., Castaniere, I., Manicardi, L., Moretti, A., and Tabbi, L. (2021). Fibrotic Idiopathic Interstitial Lung Disease: The Molecular and Cellular Key Players. Int. J. Mol. 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