{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T18:35:39Z","timestamp":1792521339219,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"College of Dentistry Research Center and Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University, Saudi Arabia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dental caries is a highly prevalent chronic disease that leads to dental pulp inflammation. It is treated by removing the damaged tooth structure and applying a material that promotes resolution of pulpal inflammation. Tumor necrosis factor superfamily 14 (TNFSF14) is an immunomodulatory cytokine and a member of the TNF superfamily. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of TNFSF14 on the levels of inflammatory cytokines involved in pulpal inflammation using lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-induced human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). hDPSCs were cultured and induced with LTA, followed by treatment with TNFSF14 at 25 and 50 ng\/mL. Cellular viability was evaluated using the Alamar Blue assay. The levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-\u03b1 were quantified using reverse transcription\u2013quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT\u2013qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). TNFSF14 at 25 and 50 ng\/mL significantly reduced the mRNA and protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, and IL-8, and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In addition, TNFSF14-treated groups enhanced cell viability. Adding TNFSF14 to LTA-induced hDPSCs regulated the production of inflammatory cytokines by lowering the levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-\u03b1 and elevating IL-10 levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46120836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T12:58:49Z","timestamp":1733921929000},"page":"13979-13990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily 14 Regulates the Inflammatory Response of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Abdulelah","family":"Alrshedan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Elsafadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3057-1851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manikandan","family":"Muthurangan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3427-3213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solaiman","family":"Al-Hadlaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034517693566","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years for oral conditions for 195 countries, 1990\u20132015: A systematic analysis for the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors","volume":"96","author":"Kassebaum","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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