{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T12:42:50Z","timestamp":1787229770349,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National Social Science Fund of China","award":["CLA200279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CLA200279"]}]},{"name":"The National Social Science Fund of China","award":["SJCX24_2206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX24_2206"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Programme","award":["CLA200279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CLA200279"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Programme","award":["SJCX24_2206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX24_2206"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: The molecular mechanisms involved in bone metabolism abnormalities in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are a prominent area of investigation within the life sciences field. Myostatin (MSTN), a member of the TGF-\u03b2 superfamily, serves as a critical negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth and bone metabolism. Current research on the exercise-mediated regulation of MSTN expression predominantly focuses on its role in skeletal muscle. However, due to the intricate and multifaceted mechanical and biochemical interactions between muscle and bone, the precise mechanisms by which exercise modulates MSTN to enhance bone metabolic disorders in T2DM necessitate additional exploration. The objective of this review is to systematically synthesize and evaluate the role of MSTN in the development of bone metabolism disorders associated with T2DM and elucidate the underlying mechanisms influenced by exercise interventions, aiming to offer novel insights and theoretical recommendations for enhancing bone health through physical activity. Methods: Relevant articles in Chinese and English up to July 2024 were selected using specific search terms and databases (PubMed, CNKI, Web of Science); 147 studies were finally included after evaluation, and the reference lists were checked for other relevant research. Results: Myostatin\u2019s heightened expression in the bone and skeletal muscle of individuals with T2DM can impede various pathways, such as PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR and Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin, hindering osteoblast differentiation and bone mineralization. Additionally, it can stimulate osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption capacity by facilitating Smad2-dependent NFATc1 nuclear translocation and PI3K\/AKT\/AP-1-mediated pro-inflammatory factor expression pathways, thereby contributing to bone metabolism disorders. Physical exercise plays a crucial role in ameliorating bone metabolism abnormalities in individuals with T2DM. Exercise can activate pathways like Wnt\/GSK-3\u03b2\/\u03b2-catenin, thereby suppressing myostatin and downstream Smads, CCL20\/CCR6, and Nox4 target gene expression, fostering bone formation, inhibiting bone resorption, and enhancing bone metabolism in T2DM. Conclusion: In the context of T2DM, MSTN has been shown to exacerbate bone metabolic disorders by inhibiting the differentiation of osteoblasts and the process of bone mineralization while simultaneously promoting the differentiation and activity of osteoclasts. Exercise interventions have demonstrated efficacy in downregulating MSTN expression, disrupting its downstream signaling pathways, and enhancing bone metabolism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47030158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T02:48:37Z","timestamp":1740710917000},"page":"158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Function of Myostatin in Ameliorating Bone Metabolism Abnormalities in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Exercise"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Chenghao","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianbo","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongbin","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Sport, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8696-8674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianghe","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.183","article-title":"The worldwide epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus\u2014Present and future perspectives","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110773","article-title":"Obesity and diabetes","volume":"202","author":"Boutari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13431","article-title":"A Review of micro RNAs changes in T2DM in animals and humans","volume":"15","author":"Afsharmanesh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (2024). Worldwide trends in diabetes prevalence and treatment from 1990 to 2022: A pooled analysis of 1108 population-representative studies with 141 million participants. Lancet, 404, 2077\u20132093."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20080020","article-title":"Epidemiology of diabetes and diabetes-related complications","volume":"88","author":"Deshpande","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"191","article-title":"Effects of enzymatic glycation on corticosteroid mechanics","volume":"36","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"811","article-title":"Progress in advanced glycation end-products effects on biomechanics of bone tissues","volume":"36","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"4376","article-title":"Effect of advanced glycation end products on metabolism of bone tissue cells. Chin","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2012.11.003","article-title":"A systematic review of predictive risk models for diabetes complications based on large scale clinical studies","volume":"27","author":"Lagani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Diabetes its Complicat."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Axelsson, K.F., Litsne, H., Kousoula, K., Franz\u00e9n, S., Eliasson, B., and Lorentzon, M. (2023). Risk of fracture in adults with type 2 diabetes in Sweden: A national cohort study. PLoS Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004172"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1188","article-title":"High bone mineral density and fracture risk in type 2 diabetes as skeletal complications of inadequate glucose control","volume":"36","author":"Oei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"681","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D supplementation combined with dietary adjustment on blood glucose level and bone mineral density in elderly male patients with diabetes combined with osteosarcopenia","volume":"43","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-022-00725-y","article-title":"The Impact of Diet on Bone and Fracture Risk in Diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Faraj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"82","article-title":"Study on the correlation between diabetes diet and senile osteoporosis","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electron. J. Clin. Med. Lit."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00060-8","article-title":"Vitamin D: 100 years of discoveries, yet controversy continues","volume":"11","author":"Gallagher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab308","article-title":"Diet and food type affect urinary pesticide residue excretion profiles in healthy individuals: Results of a randomized controlled dietary intervention trial","volume":"115","author":"Rempelos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saadi, M.S.S., Das, R., Ullas, A.M., Powell, D.E., Wilson, E., Myrtziou, I., Rakieh, C., and Kanakis, I. (2024). Impact of different anti-hyperglycaemic treatments on bone turnover markers and bone mineral density in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147988"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2024.111963","article-title":"A mechanistic analysis of metformin\u2019s biphasic effects on lifespan and healthspan in C. elegans: Elixir in youth, poison in elder","volume":"221","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-023-00595-3","article-title":"Metformin potentiates nephrotoxicity by promoting NETosis in response to renal ferroptosis","volume":"9","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00555-5","article-title":"Update on the pathogenesis and treatment of skeletal fragility in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Khosla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"326","article-title":"Research advances in denosumab discontinuation and coping strategies in pharmacological therapy for osteoporosis","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acad. J. Chin. PLA Med. Sch."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3384","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa450","article-title":"cardiovascular safety of abaloparatide in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: Analysis from the ACTIVE phase 3 trial","volume":"105","author":"Cosman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmx024","article-title":"Bone health following bariatric surgery: Implications for management strategies to attenuate bone loss","volume":"9","author":"Elazary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr. Int. Rev. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3214","article-title":"The effect of intentional weight loss on fracture risk in persons with diabetes: Results from the look ahead randomized clinical trial","volume":"32","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2416775","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.16775","article-title":"Bone health after exercise alone, GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment, or combination treatment","volume":"7","author":"Jensen","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.115193","article-title":"Skeletal effects of plyometric exercise and metformin in ovariectomized rats","volume":"132","author":"Stunes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-021-01289-0","article-title":"Effects of teriparatide and low-intensity aerobic exercise on osteopenia in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats","volume":"40","author":"Abe","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1296","article-title":"Effects of Otago exercise training combined with alfacalcitol on bone metabolism, low back pain and body balance in patients with diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis","volume":"23","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e147","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-9990","article-title":"Exercise and type 2 diabetes: The American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: Joint position statement","volume":"33","author":"Colberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.576","article-title":"Physical activity advice only or structured exercise training and association with HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"305","author":"Umpierre","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.146874","article-title":"Assessment of insulin sensitivity\/resistance","volume":"19","author":"Gutch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c110025","article-title":"Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases","volume":"2","author":"Booth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2019.100195","article-title":"Treadmill running and targeted tibial loading differentially improve bone mass in mice","volume":"10","author":"Berman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Li, Y., Liu, L., Huang, M., Wang, M., and Zou, J. (2022). The effects on type 2 diabetes mellitus mouse femoral bone achieved by anti-osteoporosis exercise interventions. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.914872"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13252","article-title":"Osteogenic impact of football training in 55- to 70-year-old women and men with prediabetes","volume":"28","author":"Skoradal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"366","article-title":"Comparative study on the mechanism of different mechanical stimulation inhibiting OC differentiation and bone resorption in T2DM mice","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Tianjin Univ. Sport"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/387083a0","article-title":"Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-p superfamily member","volume":"387","author":"McPherron","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-012422-112116","article-title":"Myostatin: A skeletal muscle chalone","volume":"85","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-1435-3_8","article-title":"Past, present, and future perspective of targeting myostatin and related signaling pathways to counteract muscle atrophy","volume":"1088","author":"Hoogaars","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnab030","article-title":"Myostatin\/activin receptor ligands in muscle and the development status of attenuating drugs","volume":"43","author":"Rodgers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3419","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.882068","article-title":"Genetic deletion of myostatin from the heart prevents skeletal muscle atrophy in heart failure","volume":"121","author":"Heineke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(02)02953-4","article-title":"Inhibition of myostatin in adult mice increases skeletal muscle mass and strength","volume":"300","author":"Whittemore","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01154","article-title":"Functional improvement of dystrophic muscle by myostatin blockade","volume":"420","author":"Bogdanovich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"E985","article-title":"Muscle growth after postdevelopmental myostatin gene knockout","volume":"292","author":"Welle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baig, M.H., Ahmad, K., Moon, J.S., Park, S.Y., Lim, J.H., Chun, H.J., Qadri, A.F., Hwang, Y.C., Jan, A.T., and Ahmad, S.S. (2022). Myostatin and its regulation: A comprehensive review of myostatin inhibiting strategies. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.876078"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ERybalka, E., Timpani, C.A., Debruin, D.A., Bagaric, R.M., Campelj, D.G., and Hayes, A. (2020). The failed clinical story of myostatin inhibitors against duchenne muscular dystrophy: Exploring the biology behind the battle. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202010.0234.v1"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4910","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1916034117","article-title":"GDF11 promotes osteogenesis as opposed to MSTN, and follistatin, a MSTN\/GDF11 inhibitor, increases muscle mass but weakens bone","volume":"117","author":"Suh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12728","article-title":"GDF8 inhibits bone formation and promotes bone resorption in mice","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-201X.2005.01406.x","article-title":"Short-term endurance training results in a muscle-specific decrease of myostatin mRNA content in the rat","volume":"183","author":"Matsakas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2006.04.028","article-title":"Effect of exercise on mrna levels for growth factors in skeletal muscle of hemodialysis patients","volume":"16","author":"Kopple","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glq109","article-title":"Molecular adaptations to aerobic exercise training in skeletal muscle of older women","volume":"65","author":"Konopka","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114272","article-title":"The effects of resistance training on myostatin and follistatin in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"269","author":"Khalafi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-021-00838-5","article-title":"MSTN is an important myokine for weight-bearing training to attenuate bone loss in ovariectomized rats","volume":"78","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8152","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27603","article-title":"Insulin resistance: Review of the underlying molecular mechanisms","volume":"234","author":"Yaribeygi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"E680","article-title":"MOTS-c reduces myostatin and muscle atrophy signaling","volume":"320","author":"Kumagai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.09.058","article-title":"Molecular pathways associated with oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus","volume":"108","author":"Ighodaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-021-05191-7","article-title":"Oxidative Stress: Pathogenetic Role in Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications and Therapeutic Approaches to Correction","volume":"171","author":"Darenskaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14894","article-title":"Myostatin inhibits insulin-like growth factor 1\u2013dependent citrate secretion and osteogenesis via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-4 in a mouse mesenchymal stem cell line","volume":"1517","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dzubanova, M., Bond, J.M., Craige, S.M., and Tencerova, M. (2024). NOX4-reactive oxygen species axis: Critical regulators of bone health and metabolism. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1432668"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, J., Chen, W., Li, S., Yang, S., Zhang, Y., Hu, X., Qiu, H., Wu, J., Xu, S., and Chu, T. (2021). Nox4 Promotes RANKL-Induced Autophagy and Osteoclastogenesis via Activating ROS\/PERK\/eIF-2\u03b1\/ATF4 Pathway. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.751845"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200319246","article-title":"Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue","volume":"112","author":"Weisberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030723","article-title":"Role of the adipocyte, free fatty acids, and ectopic fat in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor agonists provide a rational therapeutic approach","volume":"89","author":"Bays","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3917","article-title":"Myostatin is a direct regulator of osteoclast differentiation and its inhibition reduces inflammatory joint destruction in mice","volume":"21","author":"Dankbar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallner, C., Jaurich, H., Wagner, J.M., Becerikli, M., Harati, K., Dadras, M., Lehnhardt, M., and Behr, B. (2017). Inhibition of GDF8 (Myostatin) accelerates bone regeneration in diabetes mellitus type 2. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10404-z"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370215606814","article-title":"Inhibiting myostatin signaling prevents femoral trabecular bone loss and microarchitecture deterioration in diet-induced obese rats","volume":"241","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.02.012","article-title":"Loss of myostatin (GDF8) function increases osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells but the osteogenic effect is ablated with unloading","volume":"40","author":"Hamrick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13438","article-title":"Relative abundance of mature myostatin rather than total myostatin is negatively associated with bone mineral density in Chinese","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1440063","article-title":"Expression and localization of activin receptors during endochondral bone development","volume":"144","author":"Funaba","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-014-1689-x","article-title":"Myostatin and the skeletal muscle atrophy and hypertrophy signaling pathways","volume":"71","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2011.05.003","article-title":"Myostatin: A novel insight into its role in metabolism, signal pathways, and expression regulation","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Signal."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T69","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-17-0311","article-title":"IGF1 receptor signaling pathways","volume":"61","author":"Hakuno","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.03.014","article-title":"Nox4 and diabetic nephropathy: With a friend like this, who needs enemies?","volume":"61","author":"Gorin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.117.247262","article-title":"NOX4 Deletion in Male Mice Exacerbates the Effect of Ethanol on Trabecular Bone and Osteoblastogenesis","volume":"366","author":"Watt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.11.016","article-title":"Nox4 promotes osteoblast differentiation through TGF-beta signal pathway","volume":"193","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-021-02561-y","article-title":"Myostatin regulates the production of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) in UMR106 osteoblast\u2013like cells","volume":"473","author":"Ewendt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murali, S.K., Andrukhova, O., Clinkenbeard, E.L., White, K.E., and Erben, R.G. (2016). Excessive Osteocytic Fgf23 Secretion Contributes to Pyrophosphate Accumulation and Mineralization Defect in Hyp Mice. PLoS Biol., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002427"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2606","article-title":"FGF23 Regulates Bone Mineralization in a 1,25(OH)2D3 and Klotho-Independent Manner","volume":"31","author":"Murali","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6573","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.55664","article-title":"The role of microRNAs in the osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and bone pathologies","volume":"11","author":"Iaquinta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42084","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.377515","article-title":"miR-218 Directs a Wnt Signaling Circuit to Promote Differentiation of Osteoblasts and Osteomimicry of Metastatic Cancer Cells","volume":"287","author":"Hassan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11021","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.770941","article-title":"Myostatin inhibits osteoblastic differentiation by suppressing osteocyte-derived exosomal microRNA-218: A novel mechanism in muscle-bone communication","volume":"292","author":"Qin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"768","article-title":"Research progress on the regulation of bone remodeling by bone cells under mechanical stimulation","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Osteoporosis"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3109\/08977194.2011.599324","article-title":"Myostatin (GDF-8) inhibits chondrogenesis and chondrocyte proliferation in vitro by suppressing Sox-9 expression","volume":"29","author":"Elkasrawy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.07.027","article-title":"Determinants of bone strength and quality in diabetes mellitus in humans","volume":"82","author":"Farr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2013.10.001","article-title":"Collagen advanced glycation inhibits its Discoidin Domain Receptor 2 (DDR2)-mediated induction of lysyl oxidase in osteoblasts","volume":"58","author":"Khosravi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaikuad, A., and Bullock, A.N. (2016). Structural Basis of Intracellular TGF-\u03b2 Signaling: Receptors and Smads. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022111"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhi, X., Chen, Q., Song, S., Gu, Z., Wei, W., Chen, H., Chen, X., Weng, W., Zhou, Q., and Cui, J. (2020). Myostatin Promotes Osteoclastogenesis by Regulating Ccdc50 Gene Expression and RANKL-Induced NF-\u03baB and MAPK Pathways. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.565163"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.24402","article-title":"Role of inflammatory mechanisms in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"114","author":"Akash","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"534","article-title":"Increased circulating myostatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandt, C., Nielsen, A.R., Fischer, C.P., Hansen, J., Pedersen, B.K., and Plomgaard, P. (2012). Plasma and Muscle Myostatin in Relation to Type 2 Diabetes. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037236"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-176917","article-title":"Pharmacological inhibition of myostatin suppresses systemic inflammation and muscle atrophy in mice with chronic kidney disease","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9793","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27665","article-title":"Myostatin induces tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 expression in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts through the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway","volume":"234","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, S.L., Chang, A.C., Huang, C.C., Tsai, C.H., Lin, C.C., and Tang, C.H. (2017). Myostatin promotes interleukin-1\u03b2 expression in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts through inhibition of miR-21-5p. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01747"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marahleh, A., Kitaura, H., Ohori, F., Kishikawa, A., Ogawa, S., Shen, W.-R., Qi, J., Noguchi, T., Nara, Y., and Mizoguchi, I. (2019). TNF-\u03b1 Directly Enhances Osteocyte RANKL Expression and Promotes Osteoclast Formation. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02925"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, Z., Getting, S.J., and Locke, I.C. (2021). Regulation of TNF-induced osteoclast differentiation. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11010132"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fennen, M., Weinhage, T., Kracke, V., Intemann, J., Varga, G., Wehmeyer, C., Foell, D., Korb-Pap, A., Pap, T., and Dankbar, B. (2021). A myostatin-CCL20\u2013CCR6 axis regulates Th17 cell recruitment to inflamed joints in experimental arthritis. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93599-6"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kindlovits, R., Sousa, A.C., Viana, J.L., Milheiro, J., Oliveira, B.M.P.M., Marques, F., Santos, A., and Teixeira, V.H. (2024). Eight weeks of intermittent exercise in hypoxia, with or without a low-carbohydrate diet, improves bone mass and functional and physiological capacity in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111624"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3555","article-title":"Effect of exercise modality during weight loss on bone health in older adults with obesity and cardiovascular disease or metabolic syndrome: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"33","author":"Beavers","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14046","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14046","article-title":"The effects of resistance training on bone mineral density and bone quality in type 2 diabetic rats","volume":"7","author":"Ikedo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S299744","article-title":"Bone Autophagy: A Potential Way of Exercise-Mediated Meg3\/P62\/Runx2 Pathway to Regulate Bone Formation in T2DM Mice","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2018.1484770","article-title":"Swim training affects bone canonical Wnt pathway in type 2 diabetes induced by high fat diet and low dose of streptozotocin in male rats","volume":"125","author":"Pezhman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2018.1446178","article-title":"The impact of forced swimming on expression of RANKL and OPG in a type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model","volume":"125","author":"Pezhman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-021-00732-6","article-title":"Exercise improves bone formation by upregulating the Wnt3a\/\u03b2-catenin signalling pathway in type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.2337\/db21-0573","article-title":"Exercise-linked skeletal irisin ameliorates diabetes-associated osteoporosis by inhibiting the oxidative damage\u2013dependent miR-150-FNDC5\/pyroptosis axis","volume":"71","author":"Behera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"482","article-title":"The roles and mechanisms of MSTN in the developments of obesity and diabetes mellitus and the regulation of exercise on MSTN","volume":"45","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omosule, C.L., and Phillips, C.L. (2021). Deciphering Myostatin\u2019s Regulatory, Metabolic, and Developmental Influence in Skeletal Diseases. Front. Genet., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.662908"},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"424","article-title":"The effect of two concurrent exercise modalities on serum concentrations of FGF21, irisin, follistatin, and myostatin in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"129","author":"Rad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2020.1762755","article-title":"Resistance training attenuates circulating FGF-21 and myostatin and improves insulin resistance in elderly men with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomised controlled clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Shabkhiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"3686","article-title":"Effect of exercise on bone in poorly controlled type 1 diabetes mediated by the ActRIIB\/Smad signaling pathway","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"1246","article-title":"Knockout of Mstn gene attenuates osteoporosis through Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"38","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Pathophysiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.52082\/jssm.2022.616","article-title":"Resistance exercise-induced increases in muscle myostatin mRNA and protein expression are subsequently decreased in circulation in the presence of increased levels of the extracellular matrix stabilizing protein decorin","volume":"21","author":"Willoughby","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"7911","article-title":"Response of decorin to different intensity treadmill running","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacKenzie, M.G., Hamilton, D.L., Pepin, M., Patton, A., and Baar, K. (2013). Inhibition of myostatin signaling through notch activation following acute resistance exercise. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068743"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1007\/s13577-024-01036-3","article-title":"Wnt, Notch signaling and exercise: What are their functions?","volume":"37","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Cell"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1159\/000499826","article-title":"Low-intensity exercise suppresses CCAAT\/enhancer-binding protein \u03b4\/myostatin pathway through androgen receptor in muscle cells","volume":"65","author":"Son","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, X., Hu, G., Yang, Y., Li, J., Jin, J., and Chang, B. (2023). Role of MOTS-c in the regulation of bone metabolism. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1149120"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verzola, D., Milanesi, S., Viazzi, F., Ansaldo, F., Saio, M., Garibaldi, S., Carta, A., Costigliolo, F., Salvidio, G., and Barisione, C. (2020). Enhanced myostatin expression and signalling promote tubulointerstitial inflammation in diabetic nephropathy. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62875-2"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00044.2005","article-title":"The NOX Family of ROS-Generating NADPH Oxidases: Physiology and Pathophysiology","volume":"87","author":"Bedard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05377.x","article-title":"Role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in osteoclast differentiation","volume":"1192","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-015-0656-4","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in osteoclastogenesis, skeletal aging and bone diseases","volume":"33","author":"Callaway","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6913","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.051557","article-title":"RANKL-mediated reactive oxygen species pathway that induces long lasting Ca2+ oscillations essential for osteoclastogenesis","volume":"285","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2011.06.007","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species mediate adipocyte differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"89","author":"Kanda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.174219","article-title":"Nox4 acts as a switch between differentiation and proliferation in preadipocytes","volume":"29","author":"Wandzioch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8976","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201900106RRR","article-title":"High-intensity exercise training enhances mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation efficiency in a temperature-dependent manner in human skeletal muscle: Implications for exercise performance","volume":"33","author":"Fiorenza","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0936-y","article-title":"Training-induced changes in mitochondrial content and respiratory function in human skeletal muscle","volume":"48","author":"Granata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2017.09.003","article-title":"Exercise and mental health","volume":"106","author":"Mikkelsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.1836268.134","article-title":"Role of exercise in age-related sarcopenia","volume":"14","author":"Yoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Rehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521590","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2521590","article-title":"Swimming exercise protects against insulin resistance via regulating oxidative stress through Nox4 and AKT signaling in high-fat diet-fed mice","volume":"2020","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.20048","article-title":"Expression of Nox4 in osteoclasts","volume":"92","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5452","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M001004200","article-title":"A new superoxide-generating oxidase in murine osteoclasts","volume":"276","author":"Yang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfp020","article-title":"Impact of exercise training on myostatin expression in the myocardium and skeletal muscle in a chronic heart failure model","volume":"11","author":"Lenk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030818","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2030818","article-title":"Wheel-running exercise protects ovariectomized mice from bone loss via IFN-\u03b3-mediated suppression of the NF-\u03baB and MAPK pathways","volume":"2022","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10771","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.310581","article-title":"Contraction-induced interleukin-6 gene transcription in skeletal muscle is regulated by c-Jun terminal kinase\/activator protein-1","volume":"287","author":"Whitham","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.90100.2007","article-title":"Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: Focus on Muscle-Derived Interleukin-6","volume":"88","author":"Pedersen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E433","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00074.2003","article-title":"IL-6 enhances plasma IL-1ra, IL-10, and cortisol in humans","volume":"285","author":"Steensberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.8.15.8001745","article-title":"The interleukin-1 family: 10 years of discovery","volume":"8","author":"Dinarello","year":"1994","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(95)00066-B","article-title":"Interleukin-10 (cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor) acts in the central nervous system of rats to reduce sleep","volume":"60","author":"Opp","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10777","article-title":"A PGC1-\u03b1-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis","volume":"481","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-225755","article-title":"Myostatin knockout drives browning of white adipose tissue through activating the AMPK-PGC1\u03b1-Fndc5 pathway in muscle","volume":"27","author":"Shan","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"54","article-title":"Relationship between myostatin and irisin in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A compensatory mechanism to an unfavourable metabolic state?","volume":"52","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-108730","article-title":"Lower circulating irisin level in patients with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Pfaf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.264655","article-title":"Effects of obesity, diabetes and exercise on Fndc5 gene expression and irisin release in human skeletal muscle and adipose tissue: In vivo and in vitro studies","volume":"592","author":"Kurdiova","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aminov, E., Folan, P., and Pisconti, A. (2024). Are circulating levels of the myokine irisin linked to type 2 diabetes? A systematic review and meta-analysis. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.06.29.601052"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.H., and Jun, H.-S. (2019). Role of myokines in regulating skeletal muscle mass and function. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00042"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3014","article-title":"Autophagy deficiency leads to protection from obesity and insulin resistance by inducing Fgf21 as a mitokine","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"E469","article-title":"Skeletal muscle mitochondrial uncoupling drives endocrine cross-talk through the induction of FGF21 as a myokine","volume":"306","author":"Keipert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e178303","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI178303","article-title":"Myostatin regulates energy homeostasis through autocrine- and paracrine-mediated microenvironment communication","volume":"134","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, F., Lai, J., Zhu, Y., He, M., Hou, H., Wang, J., Chen, C., Wang, D.W., and Tang, J. (2020). Cardioprotective Effect of Decorin in Type 2 Diabetes. Front. Endocrinol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.479258"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.10.020","article-title":"Effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise training on insulin resistance markers in overweight or obese children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Marson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarez, C., Ram\u00edrez-Campillo, R., Ram\u00edrez-V\u00e9lez, R., and Izquierdo, M. (2017). Effects of 6-weeks high-intensity interval training in schoolchildren with insulin resistance: Influence of biological maturation on metabolic, body composition, cardiovascular and performance non-responses. Front. Physiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00444"},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"294","article-title":"Effect of resistance training on glucolipid metabolism in a pre-diabetic population","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"467","article-title":"Study on the role of MSTN in coordinating the proliferation and differentiation of adipose and skeletal muscle cells and maintaining energy metabolism balance","volume":"42","author":"Ji","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2017.41.3.205","article-title":"The effect of 12 weeks aerobic, resistance, and combined exercises on omentin-1 levels and insulin resistance among type 2 diabetic middle-aged women","volume":"41","author":"AminiLari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"1465","article-title":"Effect of aerobic and resistance exercise for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"24","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rehabil. Theor. Pract."},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"14","article-title":"Effect of public square dancing on blood glucose and the function of heart and lung in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Qilu Nurs."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2019.04.012","article-title":"Myostatin alters with exercise training in diabetic rats; possible interaction with glycosylated hemoglobin and inflammatory cytokines","volume":"120","author":"Kazemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181e0b9a8","article-title":"Myostatin Decreases with Aerobic Exercise and Associates with Insulin Resistance","volume":"42","author":"Hittel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_158","unstructured":"Zhang, N.N. (2016). Effect of Different Kinds of Exercise on Bone Formation and Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiation in Type 2 Diabetic Mice. [Master\u2019s Thesis, East China Normal University]."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinetti, G., Mozzini, C., Desenzani, P., Boni, E., Bulla, L., Lorenzetti, I., Romano, C., Pasini, A., Cominacini, L., and Assanelli, D. (2015). Supervised exercise training reduces oxidative stress and cardiometabolic risk in adults with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09238"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cifuentes-Mendiola, S.E., Sol\u00eds-Su\u00e1rez, D.L., Mart\u00ednez-D\u00e1valos, A., Perrusqu\u00eda-Hern\u00e1ndez, E., and Garc\u00eda-Hern\u00e1ndez, A.L. (2022). Aerobic training improves bone fragility by reducing the inflammatory microenvironment in bone tissue in type 2 diabetes. J. Biomech., 145.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2022.111354"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e370207","DOI":"10.1590\/acb370207","article-title":"Analysis of high-intensity interval training on bone mineral density in an experimental model of type 2 diabetes","volume":"37","author":"Paiva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Cir. Bras."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10804","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10804","article-title":"Biomechanical Stimulation of Muscle Constructs Influences Phenotype of Bone Constructs by Modulating Myokine Secretion","volume":"7","author":"Barnett","year":"2023","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"}],"container-title":["Current Issues in Molecular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/47\/3\/158\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:43:46Z","timestamp":1760028226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/47\/3\/158"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"references-count":162,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["cimb47030158"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cimb47030158","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-3045"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-3045","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]}}}