{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:54Z","timestamp":1789084854596,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biomedical sciences have made immense progress and numerous discoveries aimed at improving the quality of life and life expectancy in modern times. Anesthesiology is typically tailored to individual patients as its clinical effects depend on multiple factors, including a patient\u2019s physiological and pathological states, age, environmental exposures, and genetic variations. Sex differences are also paramount for a complete understanding of the effects of specific anesthetic medications on men and women. However, women-specific research and the inclusion of women in clinical trials, specifically during child-bearing years, remain disproportionately low compared to the general population at large. This review describes and summarizes genetic variations, including sex differences, that affect responses to common anesthetic medications such as volatile anesthetics, induction agents, neuromuscular blocking drugs, opioids, and local anesthetics. It also discusses the influence of genetic variations on anesthesia outcomes, such as postoperative nausea and vomiting, allergic reactions, pain, depth of anesthesia, awareness under anesthesia and recall, and postoperative delirium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47030202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T07:20:00Z","timestamp":1742282400000},"page":"202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Genetic Variation and Sex-Based Differences: Current Considerations for Anesthetic Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"DiMaria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Mangano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Bruzzese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Bartula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruti","family":"Parikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1816-6194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0b013e3283007ea3","article-title":"Sex, age, and genetics in anesthesia","volume":"21","author":"Booij","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. 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