{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:20:24Z","timestamp":1790187624885,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"key research and development program of Ningxia Province","award":["2021BEG03105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BEG03105"]}]},{"name":"key research and development program of Ningxia Province","award":["2023AAC02034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AAC02034"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004772","name":"Ningxia Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021BEG03105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BEG03105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004772","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004772","name":"Ningxia Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023AAC02034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AAC02034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004772","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a common neurodegenerative disorder, Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) manifests as progressive memory loss, cognitive deficits, and dementia in older adults. As the basis of the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Goji berries, Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) has been proven to exhibit multiple pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects. Evidence supports that LBP can enhance cognitive function and holds promise in counteracting AD. In order to determine the neuroprotective effects of LBP, this study was conducted on an AD rat model induced by intracerebroventricular injection of A\u03b21\u201342 peptides. From 24 h after induction until the end of the behavioral experiment, rats were orally administered LBP (150 and 300 mg\/kg) once a day. Neurobehavioral parameters were evaluated starting 1 week after administration. After behavioral tests, rats were euthanized, and the whole brain and cortex were isolated to detect the variations in histopathology and biochemical parameters. LBP significantly reversed cognitive impairments, assessed through the Y-maze, Passive Avoidance Test (PAT), and Morris water maze (MWM) test, respectively. Furthermore, LBP not only attenuated NF\u03baB, TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, AChE, and oxidative\/nitrosative stress levels but also increased IL-4, IL-10, and ACh levels and ChAT activity in the cortex. HE staining also exhibited the neuroprotection of LBP. Our study findings imply that LBP may improve cognitive function through multiple mechanisms and is a potential anti-AD compound.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47040226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T03:35:28Z","timestamp":1743132928000},"page":"226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Evaluation of the Anti-Alzheimer Activity of Lycium barbarum Polysaccharide in A\u03b21\u201342-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Qingxin","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ningxia Medical University, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixin","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ningxia Medical University, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haichi","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ningxia Medical University, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ningxia Medical University, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ningxia Medical University, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ningxia Medical University, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ningxia Medical University, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Sidhu, J., Lui, F., and Tsao, J.W. (2024). Alzheimer Disease. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing LLC."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamdan, A.M.E., Alharthi, F.H.J., Alanazi, A.H., El-Emam, S.Z., Zaghlool, S.S., Metwally, K., Albalawi, S.A., Abdu, Y.S., Mansour, R.E., and Salem, H.A. (2022). Neuroprotective Effects of Phytochemicals against Aluminum Chloride-Induced Alzheimer\u2019s Disease through ApoE4\/LRP1, Wnt3\/\u03b2-Catenin\/GSK3\u03b2, and TLR4\/NLRP3 Pathways with Physical and Mental Activities in a Rat Model. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15081008"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, N., Deng, M., Hu, G., Li, N., Yuan, H., and Zhou, Y. (2022). New Insights into Microglial Mechanisms of Memory Impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12111722"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-017-0309-z","article-title":"N-truncated A\u03b2(4-x) peptides in sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease cases and transgenic Alzheimer mouse models","volume":"9","author":"Wirths","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.05.002","article-title":"An analog derived from phenylpropanoids ameliorates Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like pathology and protects mitochondrial function","volume":"80","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.07.004","article-title":"Therapeutics of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Past, present and future","volume":"76 Pt A","author":"Anand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2023.102356","article-title":"Neurobiochemical characteristics of arginine-rich peptides explain their potential therapeutic efficacy in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"101","author":"Eskandari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"7","article-title":"The Neuroprotective and Therapeutic Effects of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products against Aluminium Chloride-Induced Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Recent Update","volume":"13","author":"Ojetunde","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Med. Nat. Prod. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2018.43","article-title":"Revisiting the Cholinergic Hypothesis in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Emerging Evidence from Translational and Clinical Research","volume":"6","author":"Hampel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X13666150716165726","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Targeting the Cholinergic System","volume":"14","author":"Guimaraes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z.R., Huang, J.B., Yang, S.L., and Hong, F.F. (2022). Role of Cholinergic Signaling in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27061816"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elshamy, S., Abdel Motaal, A., Abdel-Halim, M., Medhat, D., and Handoussa, H. (2021). Potential neuroprotective activity of Mentha longifolia L. in aluminum chloride-induced rat model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J. Food Biochem., 45.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13644"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S209","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-161103","article-title":"Fenugreek Seed Powder Attenuated Aluminum Chloride-Induced Tau Pathology, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in a Rat Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"60","author":"Prema","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis. JAD"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2023.105573","article-title":"Olfactory stimulation from edible and medicinal homologous essential oils improves A\u03b2-induced cognitive impairment by regulating oxidative stress and synaptic function","volume":"105","author":"Pengsheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109295","article-title":"p-Coumaric acid ameliorates cognitive and non-cognitive disturbances in a rat model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: The role of oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"112","author":"Ghaderi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205012666150325182702","article-title":"Oxidant\/Antioxidant imbalance and the risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Moneim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12610","article-title":"Role of chronic neuroinflammation in neuroplasticity and cognitive function: A hypothesis","volume":"18","author":"Lecca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. J. Alzheimer\u2019s Assoc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, M., Liu, S., Sun, H.M., Ma, M.D., Gao, Y.J., Qi, C.C., Xia, Q.R., and Ge, J.F. (2022). Bilateral intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin induces AD-like behavioral impairments and neuropathological features in mice: Involved with the fundamental role of neuroinflammation. Biomed. Pharmacother., 153.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113375"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.06.031","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of ononin against the aluminium chloride-induced Alzheimer\u2019s disease in rats","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di, S., Miao, Y., Huibo, G., and Yanyan, Z. (2021). Neuroprotective effect of Betalain against AlCl3-induced Alzheimer\u2019s disease in Sprague Dawley Rats via putative modulation of oxidative stress and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB) signaling pathway. Biomed. Pharmacother., 137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111369"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChunSing, L., Lim, T.G., KwokFai, S., and ManLung, F. (2015). Neuroprotective mechanism of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides against hippocampal-dependent spatial memory deficits in a rat model of obstructive sleep apnea. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117990"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.177","article-title":"Polysaccharides from Lycium barbarum ameliorate amyloid pathology and cognitive functions in APP\/PS1 transgenic mice","volume":"144","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-020-01715-7","article-title":"Oral mucositis: The hidden side of cancer therapy","volume":"39","author":"Pulito","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. CR"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.12.073","article-title":"Lycium barbarum polysaccharide reduces hyperoxic acute lung injury in mice through Nrf2 pathway","volume":"111","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.107921","article-title":"Immune activities of polysaccharides isolated from Lycium barbarum L. What do we know so far?","volume":"229","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.330618","article-title":"Efficacy of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide in adolescents with subthreshold depression: Interim analysis of a randomized controlled study","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"3599","article-title":"Investigation of the neuroprotective effects of Lycium barbarum water extract in apoptotic cells and Alzheimer\u2019s disease mice","volume":"17","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-009-9419-x","article-title":"Polysaccharides from wolfberry antagonizes glutamate excitotoxicity in rat cortical neurons","volume":"29","author":"Ho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6289","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S136820","article-title":"Simple nanoliposomes encapsulating Lycium barbarum polysaccharides as adjuvants improve humoral and cellular immunity in mice","volume":"12","author":"Bo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-016-8393-y","article-title":"Neuro-protective Mechanisms of Lycium barbarum","volume":"18","author":"Xing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuromolecular Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.066","article-title":"Lycium barbarum polysaccharide combined with aerobic exercise ameliorated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through restoring gut microbiota, intestinal barrier and inhibiting hepatic inflammation","volume":"183","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-022-00888-5","article-title":"Trilobatin rescues cognitive impairment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease by targeting HMGB1 through mediating SIRT3\/SOD2 signaling pathway","volume":"43","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111688","article-title":"Lycopene ameliorates chronic stress-induced hippocampal injury and subsequent learning and memory dysfunction through inhibiting ROS\/JNK signaling pathway in rats","volume":"145","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e21942","article-title":"The study of therapeutic efficacy and mechanisms of Schisandra chinensis and Evodia rutaecarpa combined treatment in a rat model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.162","article-title":"Amyloid-\u03b2 and tau complexity\u2014Towards improved biomarkers and targeted therapies","volume":"14","author":"Polanco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Cai, Z., Wang, W., Wei, M., Si, X., Shang, Y., Yang, Z., Li, T., Guo, H., and Li, S. (2020). Piperine regulates glycogen synthase kinase-3\u03b2-related signaling and attenuates cognitive decline in D-galactose-induced aging mouse model. J. Nutr. Biochem., 75.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2019.108261"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102593","article-title":"The new perspective of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research: Mechanism and therapeutic strategy of neuronal senescence","volume":"102","author":"Niu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-019-00017-w","article-title":"Diphtheria toxoid nanoparticles improve learning and memory impairment in animal model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"72","author":"Heydari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep. PR"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2018.07.020","article-title":"Intracerebroventricular injection of A\u03b2(1-42) combined with two-vessel occlusion accelerate Alzheimer\u2019s disease development in rats","volume":"214","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2021.11971","article-title":"Naringin ameliorates memory deficits and exerts neuroprotective effects in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease by regulating multiple metabolic pathways","volume":"23","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.12.043","article-title":"Loganin enhances long-term potentiation and recovers scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairments","volume":"171","author":"Hwang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., Guo, H., Li, C., Wang, D., Wu, J., Wang, C., Xu, J., and Qin, R.A. (2015). Cognitive improvement of compound danshen in an A\u03b225-35 peptide-induced rat model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-015-0906-y"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.07.011","article-title":"Xanthoceras sorbifolia extracts ameliorate dendritic spine deficiency and cognitive decline via upregulation of BDNF expression in a rat model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"629","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.13.111","article-title":"Modulating nitric oxide signaling in the CNS for Alzheimer\u2019s disease therapy","volume":"5","author":"Zhihui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7205747","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7205747","article-title":"Nitric Oxide: Exploring the Contextual Link with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"2016","author":"Asiimwe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108662","article-title":"Linagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, ameliorates A\u03b2 (1-42) peptides induced neurodegeneration and brain insulin resistance (BIR) via insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) in rat model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"195","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hua, H., Yang, T., Huang, L., Chen, R., Li, M., Zou, Z., Wang, N., Yang, D., and Liu, Y. (2019). Protective Effects of Lanosterol Synthase Up-Regulation in UV-B-Induced Oxidative Stress. Front. Pharmacol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00947"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170543","article-title":"Oxidative Stress, Amyloid-\u03b2 Peptide, and Altered Key Molecular Pathways in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"62","author":"Butterfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis. JAD"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2005.07.015","article-title":"Fatty acid-mediated intracellular iron translocation: A synergistic mechanism of oxidative injury","volume":"39","author":"Yao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Reyes, R.E., Nava-Mesa, M.O., Vargas-S\u00e1nchez, K., Ariza-Salamanca, D., and Mora-Mu\u00f1oz, L. (2017). Involvement of Astrocytes in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease from a Neuroinflammatory and Oxidative Stress Perspective. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00427"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y., and Lee, J.Y. (2019). Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) Extract Exerts an Anti-Inflammatory Action by Modulating Macrophage Phenotypes. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11050975"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.02.010","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Current evidence and future directions","volume":"12","author":"Calsolaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. J. Alzheimer\u2019s Assoc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shal, B., Ding, W., Ali, H., Kim, Y.S., and Khan, S. (2018). Anti-neuroinflammatory Potential of Natural Products in Attenuation of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00548"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.272571","article-title":"Shifting equilibriums in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: The complex roles of microglia in neuroinflammation, neuronal survival and neurogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Gray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbas, F., Eladl, M.A., El-Sherbiny, M., Abozied, N., Nabil, A., Mahmoud, S.M., Mokhtar, H.I., Zaitone, S.A., and Ibrahim, D. (2022). Celastrol and thymoquinone alleviate aluminum chloride-induced neurotoxicity: Behavioral psychomotor performance, neurotransmitter level, oxidative-inflammatory markers, and BDNF expression in rat brain. Biomed. Pharmacother., 151.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113072"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113468","article-title":"Sesame oil mitigates memory impairment, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration in a rat model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. A pivotal role of NF-\u03baB\/p38MAPK\/BDNF\/PPAR-\u03b3 pathways","volume":"267","author":"Mohamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2004.07.015","article-title":"Forebrain acetylcholine regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis and learning","volume":"26","author":"Mohapel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180098","article-title":"Role of Blood-Brain Barrier in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"63","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118627","article-title":"Role of gut-brain axis, gut microbial composition, and probiotic intervention in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"264","author":"Kesika","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2022.101757","article-title":"Lycium Barbarum polysaccharides ameliorates hyperglycemia-exacerbatedcerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury via protecting blood-brain barrier","volume":"76","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transpl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Wraikat, M., Zhang, L., Li, L., Abubaker, M.A., and Liu, Y. (2024). Recent advances in wolfberry polysaccharides and whey protein-based biopolymers for regulating the diversity of gut microbiota and its mechanism: A review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 281.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.136401"}],"container-title":["Current Issues in Molecular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/47\/4\/226\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:02:19Z","timestamp":1760029339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/47\/4\/226"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["cimb47040226"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cimb47040226","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-3045"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-3045","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]}}}