{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T11:06:57Z","timestamp":1784200017143,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Federation of Immunological Societies","award":["2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) accounts for approximately 25% of childhood cancers and 20% of leukemia cases in adults, with a higher prevalence in males than females. It is characterized by symptoms such as fatigue, fever, and bone pain and poses a significant risk of mortality if left untreated. While chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation are standard treatments, their efficacy declines in relapsed or refractory cases, highlighting the need for innovative therapeutic approaches. CAR T-cell therapy has emerged as a transformative technology, offering the potential to overcome these challenges and deliver durable remissions. CAR T-cell therapy demonstrates significant advantages, including targeting specific antigens, overcoming high-risk genetic mutations, and achieving sustained remissions in both pediatric and adult patients. However, notable challenges remain, such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). In this review, we focus on neurological symptoms associated with CAR T-cell therapy in treating ALL and discuss current and future strategies aiming at reducing their risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47050381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T06:31:27Z","timestamp":1747809087000},"page":"381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Struggle Between Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy and Neurological Complications in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8958-0352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norwin","family":"Kubick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzena","family":"\u0141azarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Awad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Alexanderia University, Champollion Street, Al Mesallah Sharq, Al Attarin, Alexandria 5372066, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6129-7723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"\u0141awi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaros\u0142aw Olav","family":"Horba\u0144czuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Sacharczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2545-0967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atanas G.","family":"Atanasov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland"},{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Religa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Visionsgatan 18, 171 76 Solna, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4186-4900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel Edwar","family":"Mickael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2016.36","article-title":"Driving CAR T-Cells Forward","volume":"13","author":"Jackson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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