{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:21:39Z","timestamp":1760059299288,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Approximately 800\u2013900 new cases of chronic forms of hepatitis B are reported in Belarus annually. Compulsory vaccination, introduced to the country in the mid-90s, produces a certain positive effect on reducing the number of HBV cases. However, around 75,000 patients with chronic hepatitis B are estimated to live in the country at the moment. The main goal of this research was to determine the genotypes\/subgenotypes of the hepatitis B virus and establish their role in maintaining the epidemic process in the country. Serological (CMIA, ELISA), molecular biological (PCR, sequencing), and bioinformatic (phylogenetic analysis) methods have been used to obtain results. As studies have shown, in 722 (81.7%) samples, genotype D has been determined; in 156 (17.7%), genotype A; in 3 (0.3%), genotype C; and only in 1 sample (0.1%), genotype B. In two cases (0.2%), a recombinant form of the hepatitis B virus has been detected. The epidemic process of hepatitis B in the country is supported mainly by the circulation of \u201clocal\u201d variants of the virus. At the same time, there are occasional introductions of new genetic variants from outside of the country.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47060415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T06:00:49Z","timestamp":1749016849000},"page":"415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes and Subgenotypes Circulating in Belarus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6045-3437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Eremin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Republican Scientific and Practical Center for Transfusiology and Medical Biotechnology, 220053 Minsk, Belarus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fedor","family":"Karpenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Republican Scientific and Practical Center for Transfusiology and Medical Biotechnology, 220053 Minsk, Belarus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Karpov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Belarusian State Medical University, 220116 Minsk, Belarus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valery","family":"Semenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Vitebsk State Medical University, 210009 Vitebsk, Belarus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ina","family":"Oiestad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Vitebsk State Medical University, 210009 Vitebsk, Belarus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgp263","article-title":"The global burden of cancer: Priorities for prevention","volume":"31","author":"Thun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"e19152","article-title":"Critical Updates on Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection in 2021","volume":"13","author":"Philips","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(00)70261-7","article-title":"Hepatitis B genotypes correlate with clinical outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"118","author":"Kao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.10.009","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus genotype in Iranian patients with hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Aghakhani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.04.041","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus PreS\/S gene variants: Pathobiology and clinical implications","volume":"61","author":"Pollicino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-326","article-title":"Prediction of conformational changes by single mutation in the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) identified in HBsAg-negative blood donors","volume":"7","author":"Ie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i1.48","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus replication","volume":"13","author":"Beck","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2010.06541.x","article-title":"The clinical implications of hepatitis B virus genotype: Recent advances","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"192","article-title":"Relation of viral genotypes to clinical features in children with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"22","author":"Zhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. J. Exp. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g7647","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: Elaboration and explanation","volume":"349","author":"Shamseer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-015-0249-6","article-title":"An application of meta-analysis based on DerSimonian and Laird method","volume":"23","author":"George","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39057.406644.68","article-title":"What is heterogeneity and is it important?","volume":"334","author":"Fletcher","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v049.i05","article-title":"Closing the Gap between Methodologists and End-Users: R as a Computational Back-End","volume":"49","author":"Wallace","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000054","article-title":"Methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and cumulative incidence data","volume":"13","author":"Munn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Evid. Based Healthc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02556","article-title":"A systematic genotype and subgenotype re-ranking of hepatitis B virus under a novel classification standard","volume":"5","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.26819","article-title":"Sequential treatment with lamivudine and interferon monotherapies in patients with chronic hepatitis B not responding to interferon alone: Results of a pilot study","volume":"34","author":"Serfaty","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.01988.x","article-title":"Multiple genotypes of hepatitis B and C viruses in Belarus: Similarities with Russia and European influences","volume":"14","author":"Olinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karlsen, A.A., Kyuregyan, K.K., Isaeva, O.V., Kichatova, V.S., Asadi Mobarkhan, F.A., Bezuglova, L.V., Netesova, I.G., Manuylov, V.A., Pochtovyi, A.A., and Gushchin, V.A. (2022). Different evolutionary dynamics of hepatitis B virus genotypes A and D, and hepatitis D virus genotypes 1 and 2 in an endemic area of Yakutia, Russia. BMC Infect. Dis., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07444-w"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bello, K.E., Mat Jusoh, T.N.A., Irekeola, A.A., Abu, N., Mohd Amin, N.A.Z., Mustaffa, N., and Shueb, R.H. (2023). A Recent Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Genotypes and Subtypes in Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11071011"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47358-6","article-title":"Origin and dispersal history of Hepatitis B virus in Eastern Eurasia","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcelino, R., Ezeonwumelu, I.J., Janeiro, A., Mimoso, P., Matos, S., Briz, V., Pimentel, V., Pingarilho, M., Tato Marinho, R., and Maria Marcelino, J. (2022). Phylogeography of hepatitis B virus: The role of Portugal in the early dissemination of HBV worldwide. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.01.05.22268725"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kafeero, H.M., Ndagire, D., Ocama, P., Kato, C.D., Wampande, E., Walusansa, A., Kajumbula, H., Kateete, D., Ssenku, J.E., and Sendagire, H. (2023). Mapping hepatitis B virus genotypes on the African continent from 1997 to 2021: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32865-1"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Hepatitis, B. (2024, October 22). Annual Epidemiological Report for 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/AER%20HEPB%202022_0.pdf."}],"container-title":["Current Issues in Molecular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/47\/6\/415\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:46:22Z","timestamp":1760031982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/47\/6\/415"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["cimb47060415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cimb47060415","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-3045"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1467-3045"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]}}}