{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:46:55Z","timestamp":1792097215842,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Rijeka, Croatia","award":["uniri-iskusni-biomed-23-82"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["uniri-iskusni-biomed-23-82"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Mediterranean diet, rich in plant-based foods, healthy fats, and herbs, has long been associated with a range of health benefits, including cardiovascular, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects. Recent studies suggest that certain components of this diet, particularly spices such as bay laurel, thyme, oregano, sage, and rosemary, may play a critical role in protecting the retina from oxidative damage, a key factor in blue-light-induced retinal degeneration. Blue light, emitted by digital screens and artificial lighting, has been implicated in the development of retinal conditions like age-related macular degeneration by inducing oxidative stress and inflammation. This review explores the potential of the herbs and spices commonly present in the Mediterranean diet to mitigate blue-light-induced retinal damage. These herbs are rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, essential oils, and terpenes, which offer antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, contributing to retinal health and reducing oxidative damage. By focusing on bioactive compounds such as eucalyptol (1,8-cineole), rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, eugenol, and thymol, this article investigates how these herbs and spices might act as natural protectants against blue-light-induced stress and retinal degeneration. The findings highlight the promising role of these culinary staples in preventing retinal damage and offer insights into future dietary recommendations for eye health in an increasingly digital world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47060418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T10:10:16Z","timestamp":1749031816000},"page":"418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Preventive Power of the Mediterranean Diet Against Blue-Light-Induced Retinal Degeneration: Is the Secret in the Herbs and Spices?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8185-8719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anja","family":"Harej Hrka\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Pel\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tea","family":"\u010caljku\u0161i\u0107-Mance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Clinic for Ophthalmology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6313-9232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasenka","family":"Mr\u0161i\u0107-Pel\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7129-1621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina","family":"Pilipovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1764487","article-title":"Dietary Habits, Lipoprotein Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease: From Individual Foods to Dietary Patterns","volume":"61","author":"Katsiki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"414","article-title":"The Mediterranean Diet, Recognized by UNESCO as a Cultural Heritage of Humanity","volume":"7","author":"Saulle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ital. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.04.011","article-title":"Mediterranean Diet as Intangible Heritage of Humanity: 10 Years On","volume":"31","author":"Trichopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13333","article-title":"The Mediterranean Diet and Health: A Comprehensive Overview","volume":"290","author":"Willett","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhaheri, A.S.A., Alkhatib, D.H., Jaleel, A., Tariq, M.N.M., Feehan, J., Apostolopoulos, V., Osaili, T.M., Mohamad, M.N., Ismail, L.C., and Saleh, S.T. (2023). Proximate Composition and Mineral Content of Spices Increasingly Employed in the Mediterranean Diet. J. Nutr. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2023.52"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-023-00675-3","article-title":"Blue Light Exposure: Ocular Hazards and Prevention\u2014A Narrative Review","volume":"12","author":"Merle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, Y., Wu, Y., Zhao, Y., Yang, Y., An, G., Liu, Z., and Qi, D. (2025). A Review on Eye Diseases Induced by Blue Light: Pathology, Model, Active Ingredients and Mechanisms. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1513406"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hip\u00f3lito, V., and Coelho, J.M.P. (2023). Blue Light and Eye Damage: A Review on the Impact of Digital Device Emissions. Photonics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics10050560"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouyang, X., Yang, J., Hong, Z., Wu, Y., Xie, Y., and Wang, G. (2020). Mechanisms of Blue Light-Induced Eye Hazard and Protective Measures: A Review. Biomed. Pharmacother., 130.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110577"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1999","article-title":"Research Progress about the Effect and Prevention of Blue Light on Eyes","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3390\/encyclopedia1020031","article-title":"Mediterranean Diet","volume":"1","author":"Sikalidis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Encyclopedia"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2012.747484","article-title":"Mediterranean Way of Drinking and Longevity","volume":"56","author":"Giacosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richardson, L.A., Izuora, K., and Basu, A. (2022). Mediterranean Diet and Its Association with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Scoping Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912762"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estruch, R., Ros, E., Salas-Salvad\u00f3, J., Covas, M.-I., Corella, D., Ar\u00f3s, F., G\u00f3mez-Gracia, E., Ruiz-Guti\u00e9rrez, V., Fiol, M., and Lapetra, J. (2018). Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts. N. Engl. J. Med., 378.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800389"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2015.04.003","article-title":"Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Insights from the PREDIMED Study","volume":"58","author":"Estruch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nucci, D., Sommariva, A., Degoni, L.M., Gallo, G., Mancarella, M., Natarelli, F., Savoia, A., Catalini, A., Ferranti, R., and Pregliasco, F.E. (2024). Association between Mediterranean Diet and Dementia and Alzheimer Disease: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Aging Clin. Exp. Res., 36.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-024-02718-6"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Detopoulou, P., Demopoulos, C.A., Karantonis, H.C., and Antonopoulou, S. (2015). Mediterranean Diet and Its Protective Mechanisms against Cardiovascular Disease: An Insight into Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) and Diet Interplay. Ann. Nutr. Disord. Ther., 2."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2024.09.020","article-title":"The Mediterranean Diet: A Powerful Defense against Alzheimer Disease\u2014A Comprehensive Review","volume":"64","author":"Vaziri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.06.1888","article-title":"Mediterranean Diet and Preserved Brain Structural Connectivity in Older Subjects","volume":"11","author":"Pelletier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knight, A., Bryan, J., Wilson, C., Hodgson, J.M., Davis, C.R., and Murphy, K.J. (2016). The Mediterranean Diet and Cognitive Function among Healthy Older Adults in a 6-Month Randomised Controlled Trial: The MedLey Study. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8090579"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab086","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Patterns on Biomarkers of Inflammation and Immune Responses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"13","author":"Koelman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W., Ma, Q., Li, Y., Wei, L., Zhang, Z., Khan, A., Khan, M.Z., and Wang, C. (2025). Butyrate Supplementation Improves Intestinal Health and Growth Performance in Livestock: A Review. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15010085"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.2174\/157339508784325046","article-title":"Leptin and Inflammation","volume":"4","author":"Iikuni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2014.03.003","article-title":"Mediterranean Dietary Pattern, Inflammation and Endothelial Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Intervention Trials","volume":"24","author":"Schwingshackl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2023.09.005","article-title":"Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet May Improve Serum Adiponectin in Adults with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The MEDINA Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"119","author":"Reddy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.111047","article-title":"Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet, Genetic Susceptibility, and Progression to Advanced Macular Degeneration: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"102","author":"Merle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, W., Han, K., Kim, B., Hwang, S., Yoon, J.M., Park, J., Lim, D.H., and Shin, D.W. (2023). Age-Related Macular Degeneration with Visual Disability Is Associated with Cardiovascular Disease Risk in the Korean Nationwide Cohort. J. Am. Heart Assoc., 12.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.028027"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murkey, S.P., Agarwal, A., Pandit, P., Kumar, S., and Jaiswal, A. (2023). Unveiling the Spectrum of Ophthalmic Manifestations in Nutritional Deficiencies: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus, 15.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.50311"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Xie, Y., Yuan, Y., Xiong, R., Hu, Y., Ning, K., Ha, J., Wang, W., Han, X., and He, M. (2023). The Mediterranean Diet and Age-Related Eye Diseases: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092043"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.4103\/tcmj.tcmj_153_23","article-title":"Mediterranean Diet as a Modifiable Risk Factor for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"36","author":"Angelia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tzu Chi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zooravar, D., Soltani, P., and Khezri, S. (2025). Mediterranean Diet and Diabetic Microvascular Complications: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMC Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-025-01038-w"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryl, A., Mrugacz, M., Falkowski, M., and Zorena, K. (2023). A Mediterranean Diet May Be Protective in the Development of Diabetic Retinopathy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241311145"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeppieri, M., Gagliano, C., D\u2019Esposito, F., Musa, M., Gattazzo, I., Zanella, M.S., Rossi, F.B., Galan, A., and Babighian, S. (2024). Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA): A Targeted Antioxidant Strategy to Counter Oxidative Stress in Retinopathy. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14010006"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sammons, E., Bowman, L., Stevens, W., Buck, G., Wallendszus, K., Hammami, I., Parish, S., Armitage, J., and ASCEND Collaborative Group (2023). ASCEND-Eye: Rationale, Design and Baseline Characteristics for a Sub-Study of the ASCEND Randomised Trial, Exploring the Effects of Aspirin and Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Diabetic Retinopathy and Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Contemp. Clin. Trials Commun., 35.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2023.101184"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S307009","article-title":"Antioxidants for the Treatment of Retinal Disease: Summary of Recent Evidence","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, G.-F., Qu, X.-H., Jiang, L.-P., Chen, Z.-P., Wang, T., and Han, X.-J. (2024). The Mechanisms of Natural Products for Eye Disorders by Targeting Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1270073"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22276","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.329235","article-title":"Lipofuscin and N-Retinylidene-N-Retinylethanolamine (A2E) Accumulate in Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Absence of Light Exposure: Their Origin Is 11-Cis-Retinal","volume":"287","author":"Boyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, B., Yang, K., Chen, Y., Li, Q., Chen, J., Li, S., and Wu, Y. (2025). Exposure of A2E to Blue Light Promotes Ferroptosis in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium. Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett., 30.","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-025-00700-2"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basyal, D., Lee, S., and Kim, H.J. (2024). Antioxidants and Mechanistic Insights for Managing Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13050568"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3784","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species in Biological Systems: Pathways, Associated Diseases, and Potential Inhibitors\u2014A Review","volume":"12","author":"Rauf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, D., Tomita, Y., Miwa, Y., Kunimi, H., Nakai, A., Shoda, C., Negishi, K., and Kurihara, T. (2024). Recent Insights into Roles of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors in Retinal Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251810140"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartman, G.D., Muniyandi, A., Sishtla, K., Kpenu, E.K., Miller, W.P., Kaplan, B.A., Kim, L.A., Liu, S., Wan, J., and Qi, X. (2025). Ref-1 Redox Activity Regulates Retinal Neovascularization by Modulating Transcriptional Activation of HIF-1\u03b1. FASEB J., 39.","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202401989RR"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2016.11.009","article-title":"Visual Light Effects on Mitochondria: The Potential Implications in Relation to Glaucoma","volume":"36","author":"Osborne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shafi, V., Khan, N.A., Kazmi, J., and Siddiqui, I. (2024). Cytokine-Driven NF-\u03baB Activation in Retinal Cells and Its Impact on the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.10.06.24314951"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12116","article-title":"Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Light-Induced Photoreceptor Degeneration in Mice","volume":"125","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakravarthy, H., Georgyev, V., Wagen, C., Hosseini, A., and Matsubara, J. (2024). Blue Light-Induced Phototoxicity in Retinal Cells: Implications in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Front. Aging Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1509434"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1159\/000524942","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Implications for Treatment","volume":"65","author":"Sanabria","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, W., Zhu, R., Gao, W., Xing, C., and Yang, L. (2022). Blue Light Induces RPE Cell Necroptosis, Which Can Be Inhibited by Minocycline. Front. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.831463"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfx030","article-title":"Editor\u2019s Highlight: Periodic Exposure to Smartphone-Mimic Low-Luminance Blue Light Induces Retina Damage Through Bcl-2\/BAX-Dependent Apoptosis","volume":"157","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5051823","article-title":"The Role of Lutein in Eye-Related Disease","volume":"5","author":"Koushan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mrowicka, M., Mrowicki, J., Kucharska, E., and Majsterek, I. (2022). Lutein and Zeaxanthin and Their Roles in Age-Related Macular Degeneration-Neurodegenerative Disease. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14040827"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Zhang, M., Wang, D., Dong, G., Chen, Z., Li, S., Sun, X., Zeng, M., Liao, H., and Chen, H. (2021). Blue Light from Cell Phones Can Cause Chronic Retinal Light Injury: The Evidence from a Clinical Observational Study and a SD Rat Model. BioMed Res. Int., 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3236892"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e489","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30488-5","article-title":"The Lancet Global Health Commission on Global Eye Health: Vision beyond 2020","volume":"9","author":"Burton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grigore-Gurgu, L., Dumitra\u0219cu, L., and Aprodu, I. (2025). Aromatic Herbs as a Source of Bioactive Compounds: An Overview of Their Antioxidant Capacity, Antimicrobial Activity, and Major Applications. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30061304"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200500156","article-title":"Green Tea Catechins as Brain-Permeable, Natural Iron Chelators-Antioxidants for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"50","author":"Mandel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6155","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9519-1","article-title":"The Dietary Components Carnosic Acid and Carnosol as Neuroprotective Agents: A Mechanistic View","volume":"53","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.04.111","article-title":"Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Thymol: A Brief Review of the Literature","volume":"210","author":"Marchese","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"712","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Pharmacology","volume":"74","author":"Thode","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-022-01378-2","article-title":"Biomedical Features and Therapeutic Potential of Rosmarinic Acid","volume":"45","author":"Noor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Pharmacal Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, R.R., Hainsworth, D.P., Mohan, R.R., and Chaurasia, S.S. (2019). Characterization of a Functionally Active Primary Microglial Cell Culture from the Pig Retina. Exp. Eye Res., 185.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.05.010"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.200600127","article-title":"Natural Antioxidants from Herbs and Spices","volume":"108","author":"Yanishlieva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dobroslavi\u0107, E., Elez Garofuli\u0107, I., Zori\u0107, Z., Pedisi\u0107, S., and Dragovi\u0107-Uzelac, V. (2021). Polyphenolic Characterization and Antioxidant Capacity of Laurus nobilis L. Leaf Extracts Obtained by Green and Conventional Extraction Techniques. Processes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9101840"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yashin, A., Yashin, Y., Xia, X., and Nemzer, B. (2017). Antioxidant Activity of Spices and Their Impact on Human Health: A Review. Antioxidants, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox6030070"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez-Gonzalez, P., Mas-Sanchez, A., and Garriga, P. (2021). Polyphenols and Visual Health: Potential Effects on Degenerative Retinal Diseases. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113407"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amato, R., Canovai, A., Melecchi, A., Pezzino, S., Corsaro, R., Dal Monte, M., Rusciano, D., Bagnoli, P., and Cammalleri, M. (2021). Dietary Supplementation of Antioxidant Compounds Prevents Light-Induced Retinal Damage in a Rat Model. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9091177"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2023.10.003","article-title":"Plant Bioactive Compounds Alleviate Photoinduced Retinal Damage and Asthenopia: Mechanisms, Synergies, and Bioavailability","volume":"120","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA), Turck, D., Bohn, T., Castenmiller, J., de Henauw, S., Hirsch-Ernst, K.I., Knutsen, H.K., Maciuk, A., Mangelsdorf, I., and McArdle, H.J. (2022). Scientific Advice Related to Nutrient Profiling for the Development of Harmonised Mandatory Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labelling and the Setting of Nutrient Profiles for Restricting Nutrition and Health Claims on Foods. EFSA J., 20.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2022.7259"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (2011). EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) Scientific Opinion on the Substantiation of Health Claims Related to Fruits and\/or Vegetables (ID 1212, 1213, 1214, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1301, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430) and to the \u201cMediterranean Diet\u201d (ID 1423) Pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No. 1924\/2006. EFSA J., 9.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2011.2245"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zarb\u00e0, C., Chinnici, G., and D\u2019Amico, M. (2020). Novel Food: The Impact of Innovation on the Paths of the Traditional Food Chain. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12020555"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"4","article-title":"Mediterranean Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants\u2014Natural Remedies and Rich Sources of Bioactive Compounds","volume":"3","year":"2023","journal-title":"JSFA Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D.Y., Park, S.-H., Yoon, Z., Kim, J., Kang, M.-K., and Kang, Y.-H. (2024). Eucalyptol Ameliorates Retinal Microvascular Defects through Modulating ER Stress and Angiopoietin\u2013Tie Signaling in Diabetic Eyes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147826"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.05.015","article-title":"Rosmarinic Acid Suppresses Retinal Neovascularization via Cell Cycle Arrest with Increase of p21WAF1 Expression","volume":"615","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7847","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10793","article-title":"Protective Effect of Carnosic Acid, a Pro-Electrophilic Compound, in Models of Oxidative Stress and Light-Induced Retinal Degeneration","volume":"53","author":"Rezaie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-5362.189297","article-title":"Effects of Topical and Systemic Administration of Eugenia Caryophyllata Buds Essential Oil on Corneal Anesthesia and Analgesia","volume":"11","author":"Khalilzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.199348","article-title":"Thymol, a Monoterpene, Inhibits Aldose Reductase and High-Glucose-Induced Cataract on Isolated Goat Lens","volume":"8","author":"Kanchan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iorio, R., Celenza, G., and Petricca, S. (2022). Multi-Target Effects of \u00df-Caryophyllene and Carnosic Acid at the Crossroads of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neurodegeneration: From Oxidative Stress to Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11061199"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, K., Tarchick, M.J., Yu, X., Beight, C., Bu, P., and Yu, M. (2016). Carnosic Acid Slows Photoreceptor Degeneration in the Pde6b(Rd10) Mouse Model of Retinitis pigmentosa. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22632"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nisar, M.F., Khadim, M., Rafiq, M., Chen, J., Yang, Y., and Wan, C.C. (2021). Pharmacological Properties and Health Benefits of Eugenol: A Comprehensive Review. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev., 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2497354"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D., Chen, Y., Li, J., Wu, E., Tang, T., Singla, R.K., Shen, B., and Zhang, M. (2024). Natural Products for the Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Phytomedicine, 130.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155522"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javed, H., Azimullah, S., Meeran, M.F.N., Ansari, S.A., and Ojha, S. (2019). Neuroprotective Effects of Thymol, a Dietary Monoterpene Against Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in Rotenone-Induced Rat Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071538"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campos, J.F., and Berteina-Raboin, S. (2022). Eucalyptol, an All-Purpose Product. Catalysts, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal12010048"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"1100","article-title":"Therapeutic Effects of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and Its Active Constituents on Nervous System Disorders","volume":"23","author":"Hosseinzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12142","article-title":"A Review of the Evidence for Dietary Interventions in Preventing or Slowing the Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"34","author":"Evans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1248\/jhs.52.169","article-title":"Antioxidant and Antiinflammatory Activities of Oregano Extract","volume":"52","author":"Yoshino","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsigalou, C., Konstantinidis, T., Paraschaki, A., Stavropoulou, E., Voidarou, C., and Bezirtzoglou, E. (2020). Mediterranean Diet as a Tool to Combat Inflammation and Chronic Diseases. An Overview. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8070201"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bungau, S., Abdel-Daim, M.M., Tit, D.M., Ghanem, E., Sato, S., Maruyama-Inoue, M., Yamane, S., and Kadonosono, K. (2019). Health Benefits of Polyphenols and Carotenoids in Age-Related Eye Diseases. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9783429"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Zhao, L., Zhang, B., and Wang, S. (2024). Berries and Their Active Compounds in Prevention of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13121558"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"25","article-title":"Role of Bioactive Compounds in Human Health","volume":"3","author":"Walia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, M., Zhang, G., Bai, W., Han, X., Li, C., and Bian, S. (2022). The Role of Bioactive Compounds in Natural Products Extracted from Plants in Cancer Treatment and Their Mechanisms Related to Anticancer Effects. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev., 2022.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1429869"}],"container-title":["Current Issues in Molecular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/47\/6\/418\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:46:39Z","timestamp":1760031999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/47\/6\/418"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["cimb47060418"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cimb47060418","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-3045"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-3045","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]}}}