{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:04:27Z","timestamp":1775174667712,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital","award":["TCRD-TPE-111-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCRD-TPE-111-14"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital","award":["TCRD-TPE-112-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCRD-TPE-112-05"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital","award":["TCRD-TPE-113-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCRD-TPE-113-09"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, there are two major theories regarding the pathogenesis of sepsis: hyperimmune and hypoimmune. The hyperimmune theory suggests that a cytokine storm causes the symptoms of sepsis. On the contrary, the hypoimmune theory suggests that immunosuppression causes the manifestations of sepsis. By conducting a microarray analysis on peripheral leukocytes from patients with sepsis, this study found that hyperactivity of TH17 immunity was noted in sepsis patients. Innate immunity-related genes are significantly upregulated, including CD14, TLR1,2,4,5,8, HSP70, CEBP proteins, AP1 (JUNB and FOSL2), TGFB1, IL6, TGFA, CSF2 receptor, TNFRSF1A, S100A binding proteins, CCR2, FPR2, amyloid proteins, pentraxin, defensins, CLEC5A, whole complement machinery, CPD, NCF, MMP, neutrophil elastase, caspases, IgG and IgA Fc receptors (CD64, CD32), ALOX5, PTGS, LTB4R, LTA4H, and ICAM1. The majority of adaptive immunity genes were downregulated, including MHC-related genes, TCR genes, granzymes\/perforin, CD40, CD8, CD3, TCR signaling, BCR signaling, T and B cell-specific transcription factors, NK killer receptors, and TH17 helper-specific transcription factors (STAT3, RORA, and REL), as well as Treg-related genes, including TGFB1, IL15, STAT5B, SMAD2\/4, CD36, and thrombospondin. The findings of this study show that Th17 with Treg over-presentation play an important role in the pathophysiology of sepsis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47060435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T06:46:01Z","timestamp":1749451561000},"page":"435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Microarray Analysis Reveals Sepsis Is a Syndrome with Hyperactivity of TH17 Immunity, with Over-Presentation of the Treg Cell Cytokine TGF-\u03b2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Yu-Ju","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 289 Jianguo Road, Xindian District, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jang-Jih","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 289 Jianguo Road, Xindian District, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 289 Jianguo Road, Xindian District, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chih-Pei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 289 Jianguo Road, Xindian District, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 289 Jianguo Road, Xindian District, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1360-1422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wan-Chung","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 289 Jianguo Road, Xindian District, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 289 Jianguo Road, Xindian District, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)60602-2","article-title":"Double-blind randomised controlled trial of monoclonal antibody to human tumour necrosis factor in treatment of septic shock. 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