{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T23:34:08Z","timestamp":1782344048525,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"special projects in key fields of colleges and universities in Guangdong Province","award":["2022ZDZX2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZDZX2026"]}]},{"name":"special projects in key fields of colleges and universities in Guangdong Province","award":["2022A01033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A01033"]}]},{"name":"special funds for the scientific and technological development of Zhanjiang","award":["2022ZDZX2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZDZX2026"]}]},{"name":"special funds for the scientific and technological development of Zhanjiang","award":["2022A01033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A01033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dry eye is an ophthalmic disease with an intricate pathomechanism, and there are no effective interventions or medications available. We investigated the effects of a peptide, DFCPPGFNTK (DFC), screened from tilapia skin hydrolysate on dry eye and its underlying mechanisms. In vitro, human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were challenged by 100 mM NaCl in a hyperosmotic environment. DFC restored the cell viability of HCECs induced by NaCl, reduced the transition of mitochondrial membrane potential, delayed the apoptosis of damaged cells, reduced the production of reactive oxygen (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and increased the expression rate of Bcl-2\/Bax. Compared to the model group, the protein expression levels of COX-2 and iNOS were down-regulated, the mRNA expression of Tnf-\u03b1 and Il-6 were decreased, the protein expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 were increased, and the levels of autophagy-related proteins p62 and LC3B were regulated. In vivo, the dry eye model was developed by administering eye drops of 0.2% BAC to mice for 14 days. DFC increased tear secretion, changed the morphology of tear fern crystals, prevented corneal epithelial thinning, reduced the loss of conjunctival goblet cells (GCs), and inhibited the apoptosis of mice corneal epithelial cells. In summary, DFC improved dry eye by inhibiting oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47060441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T09:59:14Z","timestamp":1749549554000},"page":"441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Peptide DFCPPGFNTK Mitigates Dry Eye Pathophysiology by Suppressing Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, Inflammation, and Autophagy: Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5735-1176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaishu","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Modern Biochemistry Experimental Center, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang Municipal Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Nutrition for Brain Health, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9634-4163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Modern Biochemistry Experimental Center, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang Municipal Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Nutrition for Brain Health, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyuan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Modern Biochemistry Experimental Center, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang Municipal Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Nutrition for Brain Health, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengdao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Modern Biochemistry Experimental Center, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang Municipal Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Nutrition for Brain Health, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Modern Biochemistry Experimental Center, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang Municipal Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Nutrition for Brain Health, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingxi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Modern Biochemistry Experimental Center, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang Municipal Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Nutrition for Brain Health, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingtong","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Modern Biochemistry Experimental Center, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang Municipal Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Nutrition for Brain Health, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6551-684X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyou","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Modern Biochemistry Experimental Center, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang Municipal Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Nutrition for Brain Health, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaohong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Modern Biochemistry Experimental Center, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang Municipal Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Nutrition for Brain Health, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0378-2880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun-Tao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Modern Biochemistry Experimental Center, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang Municipal Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Nutrition for Brain Health, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanyin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.008","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Definition and Classification Report","volume":"15","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.5978","article-title":"What Is Dry Eye Disease?","volume":"328","author":"Walter","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2200435","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202200435","article-title":"Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Micelles: Break the Dry Eye Vicious Cycle","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labetoulle, M., Benitez-del-Castillo, J.M., Barabino, S., Herrero Vanrell, R., Daull, P., Garrigue, J.-S., and Rolando, M. (2022). Artificial Tears: Biological Role of Their Ingredients in the Management of Dry Eye Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052434"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23023","DOI":"10.53388\/TMRIM202307023","article-title":"Recent advance in natural plant products for treatment of dry eye disease","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"TMR Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16595","article-title":"Quercetin and resveratrol decrease the inflammatory and oxidative responses in human ocular surface epithelial cells","volume":"56","author":"Calonge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002495","article-title":"Resveratrol Rescues Human Corneal Epithelial Cells Cultured in Hyperosmolar Conditions: Potential for Dry Eye Disease Treatment","volume":"39","author":"Shetty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370216685187","article-title":"Quercetin and the ocular surface: What we know and where we are going","volume":"242","author":"McKay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muz, O.E., Orhan, C., Erten, F., Tuzcu, M., Ozercan, I.H., Singh, P., Morde, A., Padigaru, M., Rai, D., and Sahin, K. (2020). A novel integrated active herbal formulation ameliorates dry eye syndrome by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress and enhancing glycosylated phosphoproteins in rats. Pharmaceuticals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13100295"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2015.05.013","article-title":"Biologically active peptides: Processes for their generation, purification and identification and applications as natural additives in the food and pharmaceutical industries","volume":"74","author":"Sato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.06.023","article-title":"Cell penetrating peptides in ocular drug delivery: State of the art","volume":"284","author":"Pescina","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2023.12.002","article-title":"A PEDF peptide mimetic effectively relieves dry eye in a diabetic murine model by restoring corneal nerve, barrier, and lacrimal gland function","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.10.12","article-title":"The Therapeutic Effects of a PEDF-Derived Short Peptide on Murine Experimental Dry Eye Involves Suppression of MMP-9 and Inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, J., Lin, C., Zhang, S., Yin, H., Deng, K., Yang, Z., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Hu, C., and Zhao, Y.T. (2023). Isolation and Identification of a Novel Anti-Dry Eye Peptide from Tilapia Skin Peptides Based on In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Approaches. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612772"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, J., Hu, C., Lin, C., Zhang, S., Deng, K., Du, J., Yang, Z., Liu, S., Wu, W., and Zhao, Y.-T. (2023). Tilapia Skin Peptides Inhibit Apoptosis, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress to Improve Dry Eye Disease In Vitro and In Vivo. J. Food Biochem., 2023.","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6761792"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8553","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of epidermal growth factor on benzalkonium chloride-induced dry eye in a mouse model","volume":"53","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.13.1","article-title":"Establishment of a Tear Ferning Test Protocol in the Mouse Model","volume":"9","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, L., Yu, C., Dong, H., Mu, Y., Zhang, R., Zhang, Q., Liang, W., Li, W., Wang, X., and Zhang, L. (2021). Recent developments about the pathogenesis of dry eye disease: Based on immune inflammatory mechanisms. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.732887"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-1055","article-title":"Animal models of dry eye: A critical assessment of opportunities and limitations","volume":"45","author":"Barabino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Britten-Jones, A.C., Wang, M.T.M., Samuels, I., Jennings, C., Stapleton, F., and Craig, J.P. (2024). Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease: Considerations for Clinical Management. Medicina, 60.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60091458"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Zhang, L., Yu, J., and Shao, S. (2024). Advances in the application and mechanism of bioactive peptides in the treatment of inflammation. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1413179"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akbarian, M., Khani, A., Eghbalpour, S., and Uversky, V.N. (2022). Bioactive Peptides: Synthesis, Sources, Applications, and Proposed Mechanisms of Action. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031445"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2013.873766","article-title":"Dietary bioactive peptides: Human studies","volume":"57","author":"Bouhallab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00f6hm, E.W., Buonfiglio, F., Voigt, A.M., Bachmann, P., Safi, T., Pfeiffer, N., and Gericke, A. (2023). Oxidative stress in the eye and its role in the pathophysiology of ocular diseases. Redox Biol., 68.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102967"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"DES163","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23402","article-title":"Potential Role of Oxidative Stress in Ocular Surface Inflammation and Dry Eye Disease","volume":"59","author":"Dogru","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e412","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13526","article-title":"Dry eye disease and oxidative stress","volume":"96","author":"Seen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rauchman, S.H., Locke, B., Albert, J., De Leon, J., Peltier, M.R., and Reiss, A.B. (2023). Toxic External Exposure Leading to Ocular Surface Injury. Vision, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vision7020032"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(98)80147-6","article-title":"Oxygen radicals and signaling","volume":"10","author":"Finkel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uchino, Y., Kawakita, T., Miyazawa, M., Ishii, T., Onouchi, H., Yasuda, K., Ogawa, Y., Shimmura, S., Ishii, N., and Tsubota, K. (2012). Oxidative stress induced inflammation initiates functional decline of tear production. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045805"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, R., Hua, X., Li, J., Chi, W., Zhang, Z., Lu, F., Zhang, L., Pflugfelder, S.C., and Li, D.-Q. (2015). Oxidative stress markers induced by hyperosmolarity in primary human corneal epithelial cells. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126561"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, L., Wang, C., and Zhou, H. (2024). Inflammation mechanism and anti-inflammatory therapy of dry eye. Front. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1307682"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrell, C.R., Feulner, L., Djonov, V., Pavlovic, D., and Volarevic, V. (2023). The Molecular Mechanisms Responsible for Tear Hyperosmolarity-Induced Pathological Changes in the Eyes of Dry Eye Disease Patients. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12232755"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2022.05.01","article-title":"Hyperosmolarity disrupts tight junction via TNF-\u03b1\/MMP pathway in primary human corneal epithelial cells","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000098","article-title":"Conjunctival epithelial and goblet cell function in chronic inflammation and ocular allergic inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Dartt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.12.006","article-title":"Immune-Goblet cell interaction in the conjunctiva","volume":"18","author":"Alam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108294","article-title":"Inflammatory basis for dry eye disease flares","volume":"201","author":"Perez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/63.9.901","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in inflammatory and degenerative brain diseases","volume":"63","author":"Minghetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1053\/joca.1998.0237","article-title":"Interactions between the inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) pathways: Implications for therapeutic intervention in osteoarthritis","volume":"7","author":"Needleman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Jeyalatha M, V., Qu, Y., He, X., Ou, S., Bu, J., Jia, C., Wang, J., Wu, H., and Liu, Z. (2017). Dry Eye Management: Targeting the Ocular Surface Microenvironment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18071398"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2017.07.009","article-title":"Mitochondrial membrane potential","volume":"552","author":"Zorova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/4.12.1099","article-title":"The relationship between BcI2, Bax and p53: Consequences for cell cycle progression and cell death","volume":"4","author":"Basu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5371","article-title":"An overview of autophagy: Morphology, mechanism, and regulation","volume":"20","author":"Parzych","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10059-013-0140-8","article-title":"Autophagy: A critical regulator of cellular metabolism and homeostasis","volume":"36","author":"Ryter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2014.150","article-title":"Oxidative stress and autophagy: The clash between damage and metabolic needs","volume":"22","author":"Filomeni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ornatowski, W., Lu, Q., Yegambaram, M., Garcia, A.E., Zemskov, E.A., Maltepe, E., Fineman, J.R., Wang, T., and Black, S.M. (2020). Complex interplay between autophagy and oxidative stress in the development of pulmonary disease. Redox Biol., 36.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101679"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_2912_22","article-title":"Autophagy in dry eye disease: Therapeutic implications of autophagy modulators on the ocular surface","volume":"71","author":"Jeyabalan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Chen, D., Chen, X., Bian, F., Gao, N., Li, J., Pflugfelder, S.C., and Li, D.-Q. (2020). Autophagy Activation Protects Ocular Surface from Inflammation in a Dry Eye Model In Vitro. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21238966"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lippai, M., and L\u0151w, P. (2014). The role of the selective adaptor p62 and ubiquitin-like proteins in autophagy. BioMed Res. Int., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/832704"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2223-0","article-title":"Role of Nrf2\/HO-1 system in development, oxidative stress response and diseases: An evolutionarily conserved mechanism","volume":"73","author":"Loboda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2021.06.023","article-title":"Activation of Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling: An important molecular mechanism of herbal medicine in the treatment of atherosclerosis via the protection of vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2018.0513","article-title":"The Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidant Mechanisms of the Keap1\/Nrf2\/ARE Signaling Pathway in Chronic Diseases","volume":"10","author":"Tu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.27005","article-title":"Activation of the Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling pathway contributes to the protective effects of baicalein against oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in HEI193 Schwann cells","volume":"16","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."}],"container-title":["Current Issues in Molecular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/47\/6\/441\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:49:31Z","timestamp":1760032171000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/47\/6\/441"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["cimb47060441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cimb47060441","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-3045"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-3045","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]}}}