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These factors induce structural and functional alterations in the gut microbiota, disrupting gut-brain axis homeostasis and contributing to the higher prevalence of depression in plateau regions relative to flatland areas. For example, studies report that 28.6% of Tibetan adults and 29.2% of children\/adolescents on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau experience depression, with increasing evidence linking this trend to alterations in the gut microbiota. Dysbiosis contributes to depression through three interconnected mechanisms: (1) Neurotransmitter imbalance: Reduced bacterial diversity impairs serotonin synthesis, disrupting emotional regulation. (2) Immune dysregulation: Compromised gut barrier function allows bacterial metabolites to trigger systemic inflammation via toll-like receptor signaling pathways. (3) Metabolic dysfunction: Decreased short-chain fatty acid levels weaken neuroprotection and exacerbate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis stress responses. Current interventions\u2014including dietary fiber, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation\u2014aim to restore microbiota balance and increase short-chain fatty acids, alleviating depressive symptoms. However, key knowledge gaps remain in understanding the underlying mechanisms and generating population-specific data. In conclusion, existing evidence indicates an association between plateau environments, the gut microbiota, and depression, but causal relationships and underlying mechanisms require further empirical investigation. Integrating multiomics technologies to systematically explore interactions among high-altitude environments, the microbiota and the brain will facilitate the development of precision therapies such as personalized nutrition and tailored probiotics to protect mental health in high-altitude populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47070487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T05:53:13Z","timestamp":1750917193000},"page":"487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Plateau Environment, Gut Microbiota, and Depression: A Possible Concealed Connection?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Yajun","family":"Qiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) yuquan road, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiying","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) yuquan road, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huimin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Qinghai Minzu University, Xining 810007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China"},{"name":"School of Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5300-6535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lixin","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) yuquan road, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2765-4963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tingting","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5569-8552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongtao","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) yuquan road, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151653","article-title":"Climate suitability assessment on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"816","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. 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