{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:43:27Z","timestamp":1790196207925,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI) under the HFRI PhD Fellowship","award":["1594"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1594"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) comprise a diverse group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, cytopenia in the peripheral blood, and an increased risk of transformation into acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Despite extensive research, the mechanisms underlying MDS pathogenesis remain unclear. In the present study, we explored the role of autophagy and apoptosis in the development of MDS and assessed the impact of azacitidine on these processes in vitro. First, we assessed the expression of proteins involved in both autophagic and apoptotic pathways in MDS patients with different prognoses. Furthermore, using the MDS-L cell line as a model, we investigated the in vitro effects of azacitidine treatment on these processes. We report that MDS, irrespective of risk classification, is associated with the dysregulation of autophagy and apoptosis. Notably, azacitidine treatment restored these cellular processes, accompanied by modulation of key signaling phosphoproteins. Overall, these findings provide evidence that impaired autophagy and apoptosis contribute to MDS pathogenesis and that azacitidine helps restore cellular homeostasis by activating both processes. Furthermore, our study highlights the potential therapeutic benefits of targeting these mechanisms and suggests that combining azacitidine with agents that modulate autophagy and apoptosis could enhance the treatment efficacy for MDS patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47070520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T06:03:13Z","timestamp":1751868193000},"page":"520","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Restoration of Autophagy and Apoptosis in Myelodysplastic Syndromes: The Effect of Azacitidine in Disease Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8491-7099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgia","family":"Tsekoura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Genetics & Biotechnology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8467-7945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Agathangelidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Genetics & Biotechnology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina-Nefeli","family":"Kontandreopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eirini Sofia","family":"Fasouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8249-6035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Katsantoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaia","family":"Pliaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Protavio Ltd., Demokritos Science Park, 15341 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonidas","family":"Alexopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Protavio Ltd., Demokritos Science Park, 15341 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15773 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Katana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Genetics & 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Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7908-5015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angeliki","family":"Taliouraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Genetics & Biotechnology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Mantzourani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora-Athina","family":"Viniou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis 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