{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:37:40Z","timestamp":1787027860682,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty","award":["shslczdzk01002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["shslczdzk01002"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty","award":["2023ZZ02018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZZ02018"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty","award":["22ZR1409500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZR1409500"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty","award":["2022YQ043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YQ043"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning","award":["shslczdzk01002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["shslczdzk01002"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning","award":["2023ZZ02018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZZ02018"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning","award":["22ZR1409500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZR1409500"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning","award":["2022YQ043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YQ043"]}]},{"name":"the General Program of Shanghai Natural Science Foundation","award":["shslczdzk01002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["shslczdzk01002"]}]},{"name":"the General Program of Shanghai Natural Science Foundation","award":["2023ZZ02018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZZ02018"]}]},{"name":"the General Program of Shanghai Natural Science Foundation","award":["22ZR1409500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZR1409500"]}]},{"name":"the General Program of Shanghai Natural Science Foundation","award":["2022YQ043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YQ043"]}]},{"name":"Young Talents of Shanghai Health Commission","award":["shslczdzk01002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["shslczdzk01002"]}]},{"name":"Young Talents of Shanghai Health Commission","award":["2023ZZ02018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZZ02018"]}]},{"name":"Young Talents of Shanghai Health Commission","award":["22ZR1409500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZR1409500"]}]},{"name":"Young Talents of Shanghai Health Commission","award":["2022YQ043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YQ043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease with significant therapeutic challenges. Recent studies suggest that dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a traditional Chinese medicine known for its anti-malarial properties, may be beneficial for SLE treatment, although its precise mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of DHA on the cellular composition and molecular events of splenic T cells and B cells in MRL\/lpr mice, a widely used SLE model. Methods: T cells and B cells isolated from the spleens of three DHA-treated mice and three control mice underwent single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) using the 10\u00d7 Genomics Chromium system. Comprehensive analyses included cell clustering, signaling pathway enrichment, pseudotime trajectory analysis, and cellular communication assessment using unbiased computational methods. Results: DHA treatment significantly reduced kidney inflammation and altered the proportions of splenic T cells and B cells, particularly decreasing plasma cells. Molecular profiling of effector CD4+ T cells showed a significant reduction in several inflammation-related signaling pathways in DHA-treated mice. Cellular communication analysis indicated altered interactions between effector CD4+ T cells and B cells in MRL\/lpr mice after DHA treatment. Conclusions: Our findings reveal changes in cellular composition and signaling pathways in splenic T cells and B cells of MRL\/lpr mice following DHA treatment. DHA may inhibit B-cell differentiation into plasma cells by modulating effector CD4+ T cells, potentially through the regulation of HIF1\u03b1 and ligand\u2013receptor interactions, enhancing our understanding of DHA\u2019s mechanisms in SLE treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47070528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T11:26:37Z","timestamp":1752233197000},"page":"528","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Dihydroartemisinin Alleviates the Symptoms of a Mouse Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Through Regulating Splenic T\/B-Cell Heterogeneity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Haihong","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0929-598X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0584-5083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yilun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5185-6568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinfeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"},{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0677-6","article-title":"Autoimmunity and organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"21","author":"Tsokos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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