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Previous studies have demonstrated that the alkaloids of Rushanhu (ARSHs), the dried root and stem of Zanthoxylum nitidum var. tomentosum, exhibit favorable therapeutic effects on RA, and this study aims to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms involved. Methods: A complete Freund\u2019s adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis model in male SD rats (n = 64) was used to evaluate ARSHs. Groups included control, model, methotrexate (MTX), and ARSH-treated. Therapeutic effects were assessed via arthritis index, paw swelling, and serum cytokines (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-17A). Network pharmacology identified bioactive alkaloids and core targets, validated by molecular docking. In vitro mechanisms (proliferation, apoptosis, signaling pathways) were examined in MH7A synovial cells. Results: ARSHs significantly attenuated joint inflammation and damage in CFA rats (* p &lt; 0.01 vs. model), reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Fifteen alkaloids (e.g., dihydrochelerythrine, magnoflorine) and 24 targets (e.g., SRC, STAT3, MAPK3) were prioritized. Molecular docking confirmed strong binding (binding energy &lt; \u22127.0 kcal\/mol). In vitro, ARSHs suppressed MH7A proliferation and induced apoptosis via Bcl-2\/Bax dysregulation and the inhibition of SRC\/STAT3\/MAPK3 phosphorylation. Conclusions: ARSHs mitigate RA pathogenesis by targeting the SRC\/STAT3\/MAPK3 signaling axis in synovial cells. This study provides mechanistic validation of ARSHs as multi-target phytotherapeutic agents against inflammatory arthritis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47080661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T15:34:53Z","timestamp":1755531293000},"page":"661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Potential of Alkaloids from Zanthoxylum nitidum var. tomentosum in Treating Rat Rheumatoid Arthritis Model and Validation of Molecular Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8276-7752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanle","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linghui","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinggang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6441-5382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenjie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaili","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfang","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, T., Jiang, C., Zhao, L., Zhang, J., Xiao, Q., Chen, Y., Zhang, J., Zhou, C., Wang, G., and Han, J. 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