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Province","award":["20212ACB205007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20212ACB205007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a prevalent metabolic disorder in pregnancy, induces maternal hyperglycemia and elevates fetal malformation risks, particularly in craniofacial development. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we employed zebrafish as a model organism due to its conserved skeletal development pathways with humans. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 3.5% and 4% high glucose (HG) from 10\u201380 h post-fertilization (hpf). Through comprehensive analyses including Alcian blue staining, confocal microscopy, and molecular assays, we demonstrated that HG exposure caused significant developmental abnormalities including growth retardation, craniofacial cartilage malformations, and impaired cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) migration and proliferation. Mechanistically, HG induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and oxidative stress while downregulating critical CNCCs markers (dlx2 and tfap2a). These molecular alterations correlated with histomorphological defects in pharyngeal arch cartilage, particularly in ceratohyal formation. Our findings establish that glucose disrupts craniofacial development through oxidative stress-mediated CNCCs dysfunction, providing novel mechanistic insights into GDM-associated skeletal abnormalities and potential therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47090687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T14:43:18Z","timestamp":1756219398000},"page":"687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Molecular Mechanism of Craniofacial Cartilage Deformity Induced by High Glucose in Zebrafish"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Stomatology, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Branch of State Key Laboratory for Macromolecule Drugs and Large-Scale Preparation & National Engineering Research Center of Cell Growth Factor Drugs and Protein Biologics, Center for Genetic Development and Regenerative Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Branch of State Key Laboratory for Macromolecule Drugs and Large-Scale Preparation & National Engineering Research Center of Cell Growth Factor Drugs and Protein Biologics, Center for Genetic Development and Regenerative Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiqiang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Branch of State Key Laboratory for Macromolecule Drugs and Large-Scale Preparation & National Engineering Research Center of Cell Growth Factor Drugs and Protein Biologics, Center for Genetic Development and Regenerative Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Stomatology, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2024.05.011","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Gestational Diabetes","volume":"53","author":"Mohan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrinol. 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