{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T04:08:00Z","timestamp":1792642080668,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":200,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reactive sulfur species (RSS)\u2014hydrogen sulfide (H2S), low-molecular-weight persulfides\/polysulfides and protein persulfidation\u2014constitute a third redox axis alongside ROS and RNS. Nanomolar H2S, produced by trans-sulfuration (CBS\/CSE) and 3-MST, is oxidized by sulfide\u2013quinone reductase to persulfides that fuel the respiratory chain while curbing superoxide. Reversible persulfidation reprograms cysteine sensors in metabolism (GAPDH), inflammation (NLRP3, p47phox) and transcription (Keap1\/NRF2), linking RSS to energy balance, vasodilation, innate immunity and neuroplasticity. Disrupted sulfur signaling\u2014deficit or overload\u2014contributes to heart failure, sarcopenia, neurodegeneration, cancer and post-COVID syndromes. Therapeutically, slow-release donors (SG1002, GYY4137), mitochondria-targeted vectors (AP39), photo- or thiol-activated \u201csmart\u201d scaffolds, diet-derived polysulfides\/isothiocyanates and microbiota engineering aim to restore the protective RSS window. Key challenges are a narrow therapeutic margin and real-time quantification of persulfide fluxes. Harnessing RSS therefore offers a route to rebalance redox homeostasis across diverse chronic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47090765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T05:59:51Z","timestamp":1758088791000},"page":"765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Reactive Sulfur Species and Protein Persulfidation: An Emerging Redox Axis in Human Health and Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4731-6398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celia Mar\u00eda Curieses","family":"Andr\u00e9s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valladolid, Avenida de Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, 3, 47003 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology, CSIC-Spanish Research Council, Avda. 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