{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:43:42Z","timestamp":1789587822302,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH-NHLBI","award":["2R15HL143545-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R15HL143545-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health challenge caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with drug resistance, treatment toxicity, and treatment adherence challenges continuing to impede control efforts. The objective of this review is to explore current advancements in TB treatment, for both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant TB, focusing on pharmacologic regimens, diagnostics, and adjunctive therapies. For drug-sensitive TB, a 4-month rifapentine\u2013moxifloxacin regimen has been proven to be non-inferior to the traditional 6-month standard, while optimized pyrazinamide dosing or faropenem substitution may improve culture conversion and reduce adverse events. In drug-resistant TB, regimens such as the bedaquiline, pretomanid, linezolid, and moxifloxacin have demonstrated efficacy with substantially shorter treatment duration; however, incidents of hepatotoxicity and linezolid-related neuropathy require careful monitoring. Adjunctive therapies, such as metformin, N-Acetylcysteine, aspirin, and statins, show promising effects in modulating host immunity and reducing long-term lung damage. Advances in diagnostics, including whole genome sequencing and CRISPR-based methods, are enabling rapid detection of resistance mutations and directed therapy. Vaccine development has advanced beyond the BCG vaccine to explore vaccines with enhanced immunogenicity or ones that are safe for immunocompromised patients. Implementation strategies such as video directly observed therapy are improving adherence; additionally, community-based, technology-supported interventions significantly improve TB knowledge and compliance. An integrated approach that combines optimized pharmacologic regimens, host-directed therapies, advanced diagnostics, and patient-centered public health strategies is essential to reduce TB incidence, long-term morbidity, and mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47090776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T08:11:01Z","timestamp":1758269461000},"page":"776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Anti-TB Drugs for Drug-Sensitive and Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7273-1158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kara","family":"Lukas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1301-1400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madeleine T.","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9485-1190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clare","family":"Necas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2586-1160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishwanath","family":"Venketaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsayed, S.S.R., and Gunosewoyo, H. 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