{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:46:37Z","timestamp":1792442797844,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There are many contradictory opinions, and the role of TGF-\u03b21 in the vascular effects of atherosclerosis remains unclear. This study aims to verify whether plasma TGF-\u03b21 concentrations are correlated with changes in echocardiographic and vascular parameters in individuals with early coronary artery disease (CAD), including those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The study group consisted of 100 patients with early-onset CAD. Patients underwent echocardiography and electrocardiography. The thickness of the internal and middle membrane complex of the carotid and brachial arteries, the ankle-brachial index, and the atherosclerotic plaques present were assessed via Doppler ultrasound. No statistically significant correlation of TGF-\u03b21 with diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, or myocardial infarction was observed, only weak associations with impaired ventricular function. The positive correlations between right and left ventricular parameters and TGF-\u03b21 level, as well as the negative correlations fractional shortening and deceleration time, were found. The last correlation was strong. There is a strong positive correlation between TGF-\u03b21 and QRS II width and QRS V5 width. The positive correlation was found between TGF-\u03b21 and PLA density and thickness of the intima-media. These associations are very weak. In patients with early-onset CAD, high TGF-\u03b21 concentrations are not associated with heart attacks or the associated risk factors. However, these cases are potentially those with stable plaques. Our study indicates a significant association between TGF-\u03b21 levels and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and arrhythmia risk in these patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47100800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T09:35:49Z","timestamp":1758879349000},"page":"800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["TGF-\u03b21 Is Associated with Left Ventricular Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Rakoczy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital of Karol Marcinkowski, 26 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Rac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Public Specialised Healthcare Facility Zdroje, NewMedical, ul M\u0105czna 4, 70-780 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Krzystolik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, County Hospital in Szczecin, Arkonska St. 4, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4809-415X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Violetta","family":"Dziedziejko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9415-2758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Safranow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Omede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"English Programme, Pomeranian Medical University, Rybacka 1, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1561-346X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Rac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abramavi\u010di\u016bt\u0117, L., and Mongirdien\u0117, A. 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