{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T17:59:51Z","timestamp":1791741591510,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011755","name":"National Center for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["20\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011755","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emerging evidence highlights oxidative stress and its biomarkers as potential factors in the onset and maintenance of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and co-occurring sleep disturbances. The study concerns the profile of biomarkers including glutamine, glutathione (GSH), caspase-1 and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) levels in three groups (PTSD with a current diagnosis lasting \u2264 5 years, PTSD with a current diagnosis lasting &gt; 5 years, and no PTSD), classified into two age groups. In addition, sleep disturbances were analyzed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Addendum (PSQI-A). The study revealed mutual correlations between the examined biomarkers, which may confirm a coordinated antioxidant response. Furthermore, a relationship was observed between biomarkers and PSQI-A; trauma-related domains (e.g., Trauma Nightmares with Terror Episodes) were more pronounced in the case of PTSD \u2264 5 years, while PTSD &gt; 5 years emphasized trauma-unrelated anxiety. The study results suggest that individuals with PTSD exhibit increased sensitivity to trauma, which may manifest through immune system activation and sleep disturbances. Patients with a longer history of PTSD and co-occurring dysfunctions require a personalized approach to trauma treatment and prevention of recurrence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47100814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T15:07:48Z","timestamp":1759417668000},"page":"814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Biomarker\u2013Sleep Correlations in PTSD: Glutamine, Glutathione, Caspase-1, and BDNF Levels Assessed Using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Addendum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6444-4747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Dorota","family":"Grzesi\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, Jan Dlugosz University in Cz\u0119stochowa, Waszyngtona 4\/8 Street, 42-200 Cz\u0119stochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Og\u0142odek, E.A. 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