{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T15:10:37Z","timestamp":1759504237484,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Ministry of Education, Saudi Arabia Annual project","award":["KFU253496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFU253496"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wound healing is impaired under diabetic conditions due to reduced angiogenesis, thereby increasing the risk of wound-healing complications. Studies have shown that inhibition of \u03b1- and \u03b2-adrenoceptors delays wound healing. This study investigates the effects of topical salbutamol (TS) on STZ-induced diabetic wound healing in rats. The rats were divided into two initial groups: non-diabetic and diabetic. Diabetes mellitus was induced in the second group with STZ (65 mg\/kg). Excision wounds were inflicted on the dorsal thoracic region, 1\u20131.5 cm away from the vertebral column on either side, following anesthesia on all groups. Group 2 was subdivided into untreated diabetic wounds, low-dose-TS-treated diabetic wounds (6.25 mg\/mL), medium-dose-TS-treated diabetic wounds (12.5 mg\/mL), and high-dose-TS-treated diabetic wounds (25 mg\/mL), and were monitored for 14 days. Percentage wound contraction and the time required for complete wound closure were observed and recorded. In addition, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers such as NO, CRP, MPO, TGF-\u03b21, TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, NO, and hexosamine were estimated in wound exudates and tissue over 14 days. TS treatment resulted in 100% wound contraction in all treated wounds within 14 days compared to untreated non-diabetic and diabetic wounds. Increased NO, TGF-\u03b21, and hexosamine activity was observed in TS-treated wounds when compared to untreated diabetic wounds. In addition, TS treatment decreased the activity of IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, CRP, and MPO, all of which were elevated in the untreated diabetic wounds. The current study shows that the application of TS significantly improved diabetic wound contraction and aided the healing process. Angiogenic markers, such as TGF-\u03b21 and NO, were prominently increased, supporting the role of sympathetic nerve stimulation in angiogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47100820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T14:18:28Z","timestamp":1759501108000},"page":"820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Activation of Angiogenic TGF-\u03b21 by Salbutamol Enhances Wound Contraction and Improves Healing in a Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1943-1874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Promise M.","family":"Emeka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3868-2057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz K.","family":"Al Mouslem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hussien","family":"Almutawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malek","family":"Albandri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hussain","family":"Alhmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alhelal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zakaria","family":"Alhassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Alhamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgess, J.L., Wyant, W.A., Abdo Abujamra, B., Kirsner, R.S., and Jozic, I. 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