{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T16:37:33Z","timestamp":1776789453581,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82403469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82403469"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Nature Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["2024AFB072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AFB072"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the past decade, research on recombinant oncolytic viral agents in the treatment of solid tumors has evolved from the initial stage of simple genetic engineering to the current stage of multiple pipelines of parallel clinical application and combination therapy. Compared with T-VEC, the classical therapeutic agent that only expresses GM-CSF, which was approved in 2015, most new oncolytic virus designs include diverse gene constructs to reduce toxic effects, enhance multiple antitumor immunity, avoid immune clearance, or enhance tumor targeting. The single route of administration that activates the inflammatory tumor immune microenvironment by intratumoral injection is no longer sufficient to meet the treatment needs of refractory solid tumors. In this review, we illustrated the construction patterns of typical recombinant oncolytic viral agents and their latest clinical trial progress. Secondly, we summarized the underlying mechanisms of the combined application of antiviral and antitumor immunity in the field of solid tumor immunotherapy. Finally, we explored the feasibility of the intravenous application of oncolytic viruses and their future development directions. We believe that the diversified treatment design of oncolytic viruses will bring more surprises to the immunotherapy of refractory tumors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47110878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T05:20:44Z","timestamp":1761196844000},"page":"878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Recombinant Oncolytic Viruses: Hexagonal Warriors in the Field of Solid Tumor Immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Cong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Invasion and Metastasis), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9313-8986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qian","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Invasion and Metastasis), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chouljenko, D.V., Ding, J., Lee, I.F., Murad, Y.M., Bu, X., Liu, G., Delwar, Z., Sun, Y., Yu, S., and Samudio, I. 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